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Detonation of Atomic Bombs

For destructive purposes four types of burst are distinguished – airburst, high-altitude explosion, surface burst and subsurface burst. The simplest system to detonate the atomic bomb is the gun-type weapon. A projectile made of fissile material is fired at a target of the same material so that the two weld together into a supercritical assembly. The outer part of the sphere consists of shaped high explosive and designed to concentrate the blast toward the center of the bomb. Each segment of the high explosive is equipped with a detonator, which in turn is wired to all other segments. The atomic bomb exploded by the United States over Hiroshima, Japan, on August 6, 1945, was a gun-type weapon. A more complex method, known as implosion, is used in a spherically shaped weapon. The extremely fast release of a very large amount of energy in a relatively small volume causes the temperature to rise to tens of millions of degrees. The resulting rapid expansion and vaporization of the bomb material causes a powerful explosion. Nuclear weapons could use the energy liberated in the fusion of light elements. Fusion reactions occur only at temperatures of several millions of degrees. Such reactions consequently are known as heat-induced reactions. The term “ thermonuclear” implies that the nuclei have a range (or distribution) of energies characteristic of the temperature. Atomic scientists regarded the A-bomb as the trigger of the projected thermonuclear device.

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