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ÓÓÓÓÓÓÓÓÓÓÓÓÓÓÓÓàқûò áîéûíøà á³ð³çä³ë³êïåí êåçåêòåñ³ï êåëåò³í àғçàíûң қàíäàé äà á³ð æàғäàéûí àòàңûç: áèîëîãèÿëûқ ûðғàқ Óñòèöåë³ê òðàíñïèðàöèÿ íåøå êåçåңíåí òұðàäû: 2 Óñòüèöàëûқ òðàíñïèðàöèÿ íåøå ñàòûäàí òұðàäû: 3 ҰҰҰҰҰҰҰҰҰҰҰҰҰ Ұçàқ êүíä³ê өñ³ìä³êòåðä³ң æàïûðàқòàðûíäà ïàéäà áîëàòûí çàò: ãèááåðèëëèí Ұëïà íåìåñå ìүøå êëåòêàëàðûíûң á³ð òұòàñ öèòîïëàçìàëûқ æүéåñ³ қàëàé àòàëàäû: ñèìïëàñò Ұëïàäàғû æәíå ìүøåëåðäåã³ êëåòêà қàáûқòàðû өçàðà ұøòàñûï á³ðòұòàñ æүéå құðàóûí қàëàé àòàéìûç: àïîïëàñò ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ Ôåðìåíòòåðä³ң қàòûñûìåí ãëþêîçàíûң òîòûғà îòûðûï ûäûðàóû: ãëèêîëèç Ôåðìåíòò³ê ðåàêöèÿëàðûíûң á³ð ³çä³ë³ã³í қàìòèòûí æәíå æàðûқòû қàæåò åòïåéò³í êåçåң қàëàé àòàëàäû:ôî òîñèíòåçä³ң қàðàңғûëûқ ñàòûñû Ôåðìåíòò³ң әñåð³íåí ÀÒÔ ûäûðàï, қàíäàé çàòòàðғà àéíàëàäû: ÀÄÔ æәíå ìèíåðàëäûқ ôîñôîðғà Ôèêîýðèòðèíäåðä³ң åң æîғàðû ñ³ң³ðó àéìàғû: 540-570 íì Ôëîýìà àðқûëû òàñûìàëäàíüàéäû çàò: êàëüöèé æәíå áîð Ôîñôîðëû òûңàéòқûøòàðäûң әñåð³íåí àñòûқ äàқûëäàð қàíøà êүíäå àðòûқ ï³ñ³ï æåò³ëåä³: 5-7 êүí Ôîòîïåðèîä æәíå ôîòîïåðèîäèçì äåãåí ұғûìäàðäû åíã³çãåí Àìåðèêàíûң ôèçèîëîãòàðû: Ó.Ãàðíåð, À.Àëëàðä Ôîòîñèíòåç áàñòàëûñûìåí-àқ àññèìèëÿòòàð öèòîïëàçìàғà àóûñàäû. Îíûң ³ø³íäå қàíäàé қûøқûëäàð áîëàäû: áàðëûқ æàóàï äұðûñ Ôîòîñèíòåç äåãåí òåðìèí ғûëûìғà қàé æûëû åíä³: 1877 æ Ôîòîñèíòåç êåç³íäå õëîðîïëàñòàðäà åң àëғàø ïàéäà áîëàòûí îðãàíèêàëûқ çàòòàð: àññèìèëÿòòàð Ôîòîñèíòåç ïðîöåñ³ æàç àéûíäà қàëàé æүðåä³: æîғàðû Ôîòîñèíòåç ïðîöåñ³ êåç³íäå ñûðòòàí åíãåí ÑÎ2 қàíäàé қîñûíäû ìåí әðåêåòòåñêåíäå, íәòåæåñ³íäå ôîñôîãëèöèðèí қûøқûëû òүç³ëåä³: ðèáîçîäèôîñôàò Ôîòîñèíòåç ïðîöåñ³ êөêòåì àéûíäà қàëàé æүðåä³: áàÿó Ôîòîñèíòåç ïðîöåñ³ қàé ғàñûðäà àøûëäû: XVIII ғ Ôîòîñèíòåç ïðîöåñ³íäå 1ò êөì³ðқûøқûë ãàçû áөë³íãåíäå қàíøà îòòåã³ áөë³í³ï øûғàäû: 2,7ò Ôîòîñèíòåç ïðîöåñ³íäå èãåð³ëãåí êөì³ð қûøқûë ãàçûíûң өñ³ìä³êòå îðãàíèêàëûқ çàò құðàëóғà íәòåæåë³ æұìñàëóû: ôîòîñèíòåçä³ң íәòåæåë³ê êîýôôèöèåíò³ Ôîòîñèíòåç ïðîöåñ³íäå ïàéäàëàíûëàòûí ýíåðãèÿ ìөëøåð³: 40*1012ÂÒ Ôîòîñèíòåç ïðîöåñ³íäå ýëåêòðîíäàð äîíîðû áîëñà, àë òûíûñ àëóäà қàíäàé ðåàêöèÿëàð қàòûñàäû: òîòûғó-òîòûқñûçäàíó Ôîòîñèíòåç ïðîöåñ³íå ò³êåëåé қàòûñàòûí ïèãìåíò: õëîðîôèëë Ôîòîñèíòåç òåðìèí³ òұңғûø ðåò қàé æûëû ïàéäà áîëäû: 1877 æûëû Ôîòîñèíòåç ýíåðãèÿñû íåøå êåçåңíåí òұðàäû: 3 Ôîòîñèíòåçãå әðòүðë³ ñәóëåëåðä³ң әñåð³í çåðòòåãåí àғûëøûí ғàëûìû: Äîáåíèí(1836) Ôîòîñèíòåçãå әñåð åòåò³í ñûðòқû æàғäàéëàðäûң ³ø³íäå åң ìàңûçäûñû íå áîëûï åñåïòåëåä³: Æàðûқ Ôîòîñèíòåçãå қàá³ëåòñ³ç өñ³ìä³ê ìүøåëåð³: áàðëûқ æàóàï äұðûñ Ôîòîñèíòåçäåã³ әðòүðë³ ñәóëåëåðä³ң әñåð³í çåðòòåãåí ғàëûì: Äîáåíè (1836) Ôîòîñèíòåçäåã³ åê³ ñàòûëû, қîñ êâàíòòû ôîòîõèìèÿëûқ ïðîöåñò³ æүçåãå àñûðàòûí æүéå. Құðàìûíäà õëîðîôèëë à683, àçäàғàí õëîðîôèëë b,b700 ïèãìåíò³ æәíå êàðîòèíîèä ïèãìåíòòåð³ áàð æүéå. Áұë ôîòî-æүéåäå ôåððîäîêñèí ìåí íèêîòèíàìèääèíóêëåîòèäôîñôàò òîòûқñûçäàíàäû. Áұë òîòûқñûçäàíàòûí æүéåí³ қàëàé àòàéìûç: ôîòîæүéå I Ôîòîñèíòåçäåã³ åê³ ñàòûëû, қîñ êâàíòòû ôîòîõèìèÿëûқ ïðîöåñò³ æүçåãå àñûðàòûí åê³íø³ æүéå. Құðàìûíäà õëîðîôèëëä³ң à678 òүð³, b æәíå êàðîòèíîèäòàð áàð. Áұë æүéåäå ñóäûң ôîòîñèíòåçä³ê òîòûғó ïðîöåñ³ өòåä³. Áұë æүéåí³ қàëàé àòàéìûç: ôîòîæүéå II Ôîòîñèíòåçä³ң Ñ4-æîëû äåï àòàëàòûí áàғûòû қàé àéìàқòàðäà өñ³ï-өíåò³í өñ³ìä³êòåðãå áàéëàíûñòû: òðîïèêàëûқ áåëäåó Ôîòîñèíòåçä³ң ôîòîõèìèÿëûқ ðåàêöèàëàðûíûң íåã³çã³ çàңäûëûқòàðûíà àðíàëғàí çåðòòåóëåð қàé æûëäàðû қàðқûíäû äàìûäû: 1950-1960 Ôîòîñèíòåçä³ң æàðûқ ñàòûñûíûң ñîíғû өí³ì³íå íå æàòàäû: ÀÒÔ, ÍÀÄÔÍ Ôîòîñèíòåçä³ң қàðàңғû ñàòûäà өòåò³í öèêëûí қàëàé àòàéìûç: êàëüâèí öèêë³ Ôîòîñèíòåçä³ң қàðàңғû ôàçàñû қàíøà êåçåңäå æүðåä³: 3 Ôîòîñèíòåçä³ң Ñ3-æîë äåï àòàëóûíûң ñåáåá³: қîңûðæàé àéìàғûíäà өñåò³í өñ³ä³êòåðãå áàéëàíûñòû Ôîòîñèíòåçä³ң òåê æàðûқòà ғàíà өòå àëàòûí ôîòîôèçèêàëûқ æәíå ôîòîõèìèÿëûқ áàñòàïқû êåçåңäåð: ôîòîñèíòåçä³ң æàðûқ ñàòûñû Ôîòîòðîïèçì äåãåí³ì³ç íå: Æàðûққà қàòûñòû áұðûëóû Ôîòñèíòåçä³ң қàðàңғû ôàçàñûíûң 1-ø³ êåçåң³ қàëàé àòàëàäû: êîðáîêñèëüäåíó êåçåң³ Ôîòñèíòåçä³ң қàðàңғû ôàçàñûíûң 2-ø³ êåçåң³ қàëàé àòàëàäû: òîòûқñûäàíó êåçåí³ Ôîòñèíòåçä³ң қàðàңғû ôàçàñûíûң 3-ø³ êåçåң³ қàëàé àòàëàäû: ðåãåíåðàöèÿ êåçåң³ Ôðàíöóç ôèçèîëîã³ Ã. Äþòðîøå 1826 æûëû æàñàíäà îñìîìåòð àðқûëû қàé құáûëûñòû çåðòòåä³: îñìîñ Ôðóêòîçà-1,6-äèôîñôàò àëüäîëàçà ôåðìåíò³í³ң әñåð³íåí åê³ òðèîçàғà ûäûðàóûíûң íәòèæåñ³íäå ïàéäà áîëàòûíû: ôîñôîäèîêñèàöåòîí, ôîñôîãëèöåðèí àëüäåãèä³ Ôóìàð қûøқûëû ôóìàðàçà ôåðìåíò³í³ң әñåð³íåí ñó ìîëåêóëàñûí қîñûï, қàíäàé қûøқûëғà àéíàëàäû: àëìà қûøқûëû ÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕ Õåëàòòàð äåãåí³ì³ç: құðàìûíäà ìåòàëû áàð îðãàíèêàëûқ қîñûíäûëàð Õèìèÿëûқ құðàìûíà áàéëàíûñòû êàðîòèíîèäòàð åê³ òîïқà áөë³íåä³: îòòåêò³ æәíå îòòåêñ³ç Õèìèÿëûқ òåã³ æàғûíàí ïîëèèçîïðåíîèäòàð êàñûíäàғû,èçîïðåí òóûíäûëàðû áîëûï åñåïòåëåò³í áұë ïèãìåíòòåð ñàðғûø-қûçûë òүñò³ áàðëûқ өñ³ìä³êòåðä³ң õëîðîïëàñòàðûíäà êåçäåñåä³ :êàðîòèíîèä Õëîðàïëàñòûң æåêåëåãåí áөë³êòåð³ àðқûëû æүçåãå àñàòûí íåã³çã³ ôîòîñèíòåçä³ê ïðîöåñòåðãå íå æàòàäû: áàðëûқ æàóàï äұðûñ Õëîðîïëàñòàð ïèãìåíòòåð қàíäàé åê³ òîïқà áөë³íåä³: õëîðîôèëäåð, êàðîòèíîèäòàð Õëîðîïëàñòàðäàғû æàðûқ ýíåðãèÿñûíûң ÀÒÔ құðàìûíäàғû ìàêðîýðãò³ê áàéëàíûñ êүé³íå өòó³í қàëàé àòàéìûç: ôîòîñèíòåçä³ê ôîñôîðëàíó Õëîðîïëàñòòàð қàíäàé òүñ áåðåä³: æàñûë Õëîðîïëàñòòàðäûң құðàìûíäà қàé ïèãìåíò êөï áîëғàíäà, îíäà ôîòîñèíòåç ïðîöåñ³ æүðåä³: õëîðîôèëë Õëîðîïëàñòòàðäûң құðàìûíäà îëàðғà æàñûë òүñ áåðåò³í ïèãìåíò: õëîðîôèëë Õëîðîïëàñòûң åê³ қàáàòòû ìåìáðàíàñû қàëàé àòàëàäû: ñòðîìà Õëîðîôèëãå ñ³ң³ðãåí êүí ñәóëåñ³í³ң ýíåðãèÿñû á³ðò³íäåï қàé çàòқà àéíàëàäû, ÿғíè ôîòîñèíòåòèêàëûқ ôîñôîðëàíó áîëàäû: ÀÒÔ-қà Õëîðîôèëäåð қàíäàé ñәóëåëåðä³ íàøàð ñ³ң³ðåä³: қûçғûëò ñàðû æәíå ñàðû Õëîðîôèëäåðä³ң íåã³çã³ қàñèåòòåð³í³ң á³ð³íå îëàðäûң қàíäàé құáûëûñûíà қàá³ëåòò³ë³ã³ æàòàäû: ôëóîðåñöåíöèÿ Õëîðîôèëä³ң ê³øêåíå ғàíà ìөëøåð³í á³ð òàìøû ýôèðìåí á³ðãå ñóғà òàìûçñà, îñûíäàé үëã³í³ң áàñқà òүð³ қàíäàé қàáûðøàқ ïàéäà áîëàäû: ìîíîìîëåêóëàëûқ Õëîðîôèëä³ң ìîëåêóëàëûқ құðûëûìûíäà ìûíà ýëåìåíò òàïøû áîëñà æàñûë ïèãìåíòòåð ñèíòåç³ òîқòàï, õëîðîïëàñòàð құðûëûñû áұçûëàäû: ìàãíèé Õëîðîôèëë àðқûëû èãåð³ëãåí æàðûқ ýíåðãèÿñû æәðäåì³ìåí àíîðãàíèêàëûқ çàòòàðäàí îðãàíèêàëûқ çàòòàð ñèíòåçäåëåò³í òîòûғó-òîòûқñûçäàíó ðåàêöèÿñû: ôîòîñèíòåç Õëîðîôèëë ìîëåêóëàñûíûң á³ðò³íäåï ûäûðàóû íәòèæåñ³íäå òүç³ëåò³í çàò: ïàðôèðèí Õëîðîôèëë ñàқèíàñû íåøå ïèððîë ñàқèíàñûíàí òүðàäû: òөðò Õëîðîôèëëäåð íåã³ç³íåí îðãàíèêàëûқ åð³òê³øòåðäå åðèä³, îëàð: áàðëûқ æàóàï äұðûñ Õðîìîãåíäåðä³ òîòûқòûðûï, ïèãìåíòòåðãå àéíàëäûðó ðîë³í àòқàðàòûíäàð: îòòåã³í³ң ìîëåêóëàñû Õðîìîïëàñòòàð қàé æåðëåðäå êåçäåñåä³: æåì³ñòå, òàìûðäà Õðîìîïëàñòòàð қàíäàé òүñ áåðåä³: қûçûë ÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖ Öèêëä³ æәíå öèêëñ³ç ôîòîñèíòåòèêàëûқ ôîñôîðëàíó íәòèæåñ³íäå òүç³ëåä³: ÍÀÄÔÍ Öèòîïëàçìàäàғû ñóäûң ìөëøåð³ êëåòêà қàáûғûíà қàðàғàíäà êөá³ðåê öèòîïëàçìà ñàëìàғûíûң íåøå ïàéûçûíà äåé³í æåòó³ ìүìê³í: 95 % ØØØØØØØØØ Ø. Ñåíåáüå қàíäàé ãàç áàð æåðäå ғàíà ôîòîñèíòåç ïðîöåñ³ æүðåò³í³í äәëåëäåä³: êөì³ðқûøқûë Øөï, àғàø æәíå áұòà òåêòåñ өñ³ìä³êòåðäå қàëòàëû ñàңûðàóқұëàқòàðäûң әñåð³íåí ïàéäà áîëàòûí àóðóëàðäû àòàңûç: àíòðàêèîç سðíåë³êòåð íå áөëåä³: қàíò ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ Ûñòûққà өòå òөç³ìä³ æàñàңøөïòåð қàíøà ãðàäóñ ûñòûққà øûäàé àëàäû: +48,5-54,5 0Ñ ÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝ Ýâãàëîôèòòåð äåãåí³ì³ç: òұç æèíàқòàóøû ãàëîôèòòåð Ýëåêòðîíäàð ìåí ïðîòîíäàðäûң ìîëåêóëàëûқ îòòåã³íå òàñûìàëäàíó ðåàêöèÿñûí êàòàëèçäåéò³í³: ïîëèôåíîëîêñèäàçà Ýëåêòðîíäàð өç ò³çáåã³ìåí òөìåí æûëæûï ò³çáåêò³ң ñîңûíà äåé³í æåò³ï, ÀÒÔ ñèíòåçäåï ÍÀÄÔ-òû òîòûқñûçäàíäûðó äåңãåé³íå êөòåð³ëó ïðîöåñ³: ² ôîòîæүé Ýëåêòðîíäàðäû òîòûғàòûí çàòòàí àëûï, òåê îòòåã³íå ғàíà òàñóøû àýðîáòû äåãèäðîãåíàçàëàð: îêñèäàçàëàð Ýëåêòðîíäàðäû ôëàâîïðîòåèíäåðäåí ìîëåêóëàëûқ îòòåã³íå æåòê³çåò³í æүéå: öèòîõðîìäûқ æүéå Ýëåêòðîíäàðäûң áөë³íó³íå áàéëàíûñòû òîòûғóäûң æîëäàðûí êөðñåò³ң³ç: áàðëûғû äұðûñ Ýëåêòðîíäûқ қîçó ýíåðãèÿñûí ïàéäàëàíóғà áàéëàíûñòû õèìèÿëûқ ïðîöåñòåð өòåò³í êåçåң: ôîòîñèíòåçä³ң ôîòîõèìèÿëûқ êåçåң³ Ýíåðãèÿíû òүðë³øå ìөëøåðäå áîëàòûí ôîòîíäàð àғûíû: ýëåêòðîìàãíèòò³ê ñәóëåëåíó Ýíåðãèÿñû ìîë қîñûíäûëàðғà æàòàòûíû: ýíîëôîñôàòòàð Ýíåðãèÿñû òүðë³øå ìөëøåðäå áîëàòûí ôîòîíäàð àғûíû қàëàé àòàëàäû: ýëåêòðîìàãíèòò³ê ñәóëåëåíó Ýíåðãèÿñû òүðë³øå ìөëøåðäå áîëàòûí ôîòîíäàð àғûíû: ýëåêòðîìàãíèòò³ê ñәóëåëåíó Ýòèë ýôèð³íäåã³ õëîðîôèë à åðò³íä³ñ³ қàíäàé òүñò³ áîëàäû: áàðëûқ æàóàáû äұðûñ Ýòèîïëàñòàðäûң ұçûíäûғû: 3ìêì Äàòà äîáàâëåíèÿ: 2015-12-15 | Ïðîñìîòðû: 1367 | Íàðóøåíèå àâòîðñêèõ ïðàâ |