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Расположите предложения в таком порядке, чтобы получилось логическое описание. Проверьте себя по тексту «Stomach».

1. The stomach is a dilated portion of the alimentary canal.

2. The stomach is very richly supplied with nerves.

3. The stomach is abundantly supplied with blood from the coeliac axis, a short, wide artery which comes directly from the aorta and likewise gives branches to the liver, pancreas and spleen.

4. The upper part of the stomach is known as the cardiac part, while the lower and narrower portion is known as the pyloric part.

5. The stomach possesses four coats similar to those of the intestine, which are, from within outwards, a mucous membrane, sub-mucous layer, muscular coat, and peritoneal coat.

6. Peritoneal coat is similar to the peritoneum covering the other organs of the abdomen.

7. Submucous coat is a loose connective tissue layer which joins the mucous coat to the muscular coat, and in which the large blood vessels of the stomach run.

8. Muscular coat is of considerable thickness in the stomach, and is of great importance in varying the size of the organ according to the amount of food it contains, in making the peristaltic movements which mix the food with the digestive juice, and finally in expelling the softened food from
the stomach into the small intestine.

9. Mucous membrane lines the interior of the stomach and is of smooth, soft texture, though raised up into ridges when the stomach is empty.

14. Выполните письменный перевод текста “Liver” на русский язык, используя словарь. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты для следующих словосочетаний:

- самая большая железа в организме;

- занимать главным образом правую подреберную и эпигастральную области;

- быть покрытым брюшиной;

- клетки печени организованны в виде архитектурных блоков;

- ответвления воротной вены;

- кровь доставляется в печень двумя путями;

- обеспечение кислородом;

- выработка внутренней секреции;

- полый грушевидный мешок, прикрепленный под нижним краем печени;

- желчный проток.

Liver

The liver is the largest gland of the body, weighing 1.5 kg. in men and somewhat less in women. It is a soft plastic organ. It occupies chiefly the right hypochondriac and epigastric regions directly beneath the diaphragm. There are two principal lobes, the right and the left. The right lobe consists of the right lobe proper and the small quadrate and the caudate lobes on the inferior surface. The line of demarcation between the right and left lobes is indicated on the superior surface by the falciform ligament which passes from the liver to the diaphragm and the anterior abdominal wall. The ligament is a remnant of the anterior mesentery and conveys on its free border, a fibrous cord, the occluded umbilical vein, now the round ligament. The surface of the liver is covered with peritoneum with the exception of a small area on its posterior surface which is attached directly to the diaphragm. Beneath the peritoneum is a dense connective tissue layer called the capsule of Glisson, which covers the entire surface of the organ.

Microscopic structure. The cells of the liver are arranged in architectural units, called lobules. These are elongated polygonal structures, having five, six or seven sides. Running lengthwise through the center of the lobule is the central or intralobular vein. Encircling the periphery of the lobule are the branches of the portal vein, called interlobular veins, interlobular bile duds and branches of the hepatic artery. The interlobular veins break up into sinusoids which enter the lobule at the periphery.

The liver cells are arranged in cords which radiate from the central vein to the periphery of the lobule. Between the cords lie the liver sinusoids. Each liver cell cord consists of two adjacent rows of hepatic cells between which runs a thin bile capillary which passes to the periphery of the lobule to join the interlobular bile ducts.

The sinusoids are irregular blood channels formed by a layer of flat cells and histiocytes. The histiocytes of the liver are called Kupffer's cells. The sinusoids lead in a radial manner toward the middle of the lobule, like the spokes of a wheel to the hub, and empty into the central vein. The smallest branches of the hepatic artery enter the sinusoids at the periphery of the lobule.

Summary of Circulation. Blood is brought to the liver from two sources: from the digestive tract and spleen by the portal vein and from the aorta through the hepatic artery.

The portal vein is unique in that it is interposed between two capillary beds: one in the liver, the other in the digestive area. The portal vein on entering the liver divides into branches which come into relation to the circumference of the lobule. These branches in turn give off interlobular veins which run between the lobules. These give rise to the sinusoids which run between the cords of hepatic cells to enter the central veins. Central veins of several lobules join to form the sublobular veins which in turn unite to form the hepatic veins. The hepatic veins, usually two or three in number, empty into the inferior vena cava.

The hepatic artery is distributed chiefly to the interlobular connective tissue and its contained structures. Its finest branches empty into the sinusoids at the circumference of the lobule. The hepatic artery contributes about one fourth of the total blood supply of the liver. However, the liver is dependent upon this fraction for its oxygen supply.

Functions. The most obvious function of the liver is the formation of its external secretion, the bile. The other functions of the liver are numerous and varied. They are listed very briefly here: blood formation in the embryo; stimulation of red bone marrow; production of fibrinogen; storage of iron and copper; phagocytic action of histiocytes (Kupffer cells); detoxication; protein metabolism; carbohydrate metabolism (Glycogenetic function); fat metabolism; heat production.

Gallbladder. The gallbladder is a pear-shaped hollow sac attached to the under surface of the liver. It ends in the cystic duct which joins with hepatic duct to form the common bile duct. The bile, which is secreted continuously by the liver, may not immediately enter the intestines but after passing down the hepatic duct it may turn into the cystic duct and enter the gallbladder. During digestion the bile passes down the cystic duct and into the common bile duct which opens into the duodenum about 10 cm. below the pylorus. The common bile duct pierces the duodenal wall and joins with the pancreatic duct to form the ampule of Vater, which opens into the duodenum through a small elevation called the duodenal papilla.

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