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Olympic Games
The Olympic Games are a major international event of summer and winter sports, in which thousands of athletes compete in a wide variety of events. The Games are currently held every two years, with summer and Winter Olympic Games alternating. Originally, the ancient Olympic Games were held in Olympia, Greece, from the 8th century BC to the 5th century AD. In the late 19th century, Baron de Coubertin was inspired by Olympic festivals to revive the Games. For this purpose, he founded the International Olympic Committee (IOC) in 1894, and two years later, the modern Olympic Games were established in Athens. The IOS has since become the governing body of the Olympic Movement, whose structure and actions are defined by the Olympic Charter. The evolution of the Olympic Movement during the 20th century forced the IOC to adapt the Games to the world’s changing social circumstances. Some of these adjustments included the creation of the Winter Games for ice and snow sports, the Paralympic Games for athletes with physical disabilities, and the Youth Olympic Games for teenage athletes. The IOS also had to accommodate the games to the varying economical, political, and technological realities of the 20th century. As a result, the Olympics shifted away from pure amateurism, as envisioned by Coubertin, to allow participation of professional athletes. The growing importance of the mass media created the issue of corporate sponsorship and commercialization of the Games. The Olympic Movement currently comprises international sports federations (IFs), National Olympic Committees (NOCs), and organizing committees for each specific Olympic Games. As the decision-making body, the IOC is responsible for choosing the host city for each Olympic Games. The host city is responsible for organizing and funding a celebration of the games consistent with the Olympic Charter. The Olympic program, consisting of the sports to be contested at each Olympic Games, is also determined by the IOC. The celebration of the games encompasses many rituals and symbols, such as the Olympic flag and torch, as well as the opening and closing ceremonies. There are over 13,000 athletes that compete at the Summer and Winter Olympics in 33 different sports and nearly 400 events. The first, second, and third place finishers in each event receive gold, silver or bronze Olympic medals, respectively.
The games have grown in scale to the point that nearly every nation is represented. Such grown has created numerous challenges, including boycotts, doping, bribery of officials, and terrorism. Every two years, the Olympics and its media exposure provide unknown athletes with the chance to attain national, and in particular cases, international fame. The Games also constitute a major opportunity for the host city and country to promote and showcase themselves to the world. Exercise № 1 Give Russian equivalents to: major international event, thousands of athletes, wide variety of events, for this purpose, changing social circumstances, athletes with physical disabilities, teenage athletes, pure amateurism, growing importance, mass media, international sport federations, the host city, many rituals and symbols, Olympic flag and torch, opening and closing ceremonies, have grown in scale, international fame. Exercise №2 Find in the text words which mean: 1. to change / follow one another 2. primarily 3. to be excited / motivated 4. to consist of / contain 5. to embody / show 6. to achieve Exercise № 3 Find in the text words which mean opposite to: 1. minor 2. modern 3. suppress 4. general / vague 5. disrepute 6. professionalism
Exercise № 4 Give derivatives to the following words: sport, compete, current, inspire, festival, found, establish, govern, structure, act, define, evolution, adapt, change, include, creation, economical, real, amateur, profession, organize, specific, responsible, celebration, contest, symbol, different, finish, provide, fame, promote. Exercise № 6 Answer the questions to the text “Olympic Games”: 1. What are the Olympic Games? 2. Where were the ancient Olympic Games held? 3. Who revived the Games in the late 19th century? 4. What adjustments were there in the Olympic Movement during the 20th century? 5. What are the main rituals of the Olympic Games?
II Grammar aspects Choose the correct answer:
1) Do you have any plans for tonight? – Well, I … to the cinema with Mark. a) Go b) am going c) am going to go d) will go 2) Don’t let children … with the elders. a) argue b) arguing c) to argue c) to be arguing 3) The dress suits you wonderfully! – Yes, I think I … it. a) Will buy b) buy c) am going to buy 4) Do you know that Ann and Andrew … in a month? – Oh, really? a) will get married b) get married c) are getting married 5) It would be wonderful … round the world. a) be travelling b) to have been travelling c) to travel 6) When … the second term …? a) will…start b) does…start c) is…going to start 7) We can get up at 6 o’clock. We are used … early. a) to get up b) getting up c) to getting up 8) We … a test on Monday. I have to revise a lot of rules. a) have b) are having c) will have 9) Why are you buying so much wallpaper? – My husband and I … our flat. a) are going to redecorate b) will redecorate c) redecorate 10) Its no use … your application. a) rewrite b) rewriting c) to rewrite 11)… twice he didn’t want to try to enter that university again. a) failing b) having failed c) to have failed 12) She turned her back upon him and appeared … too busy … the conversation. a) to be, to continue b) being, to continue c) to be, continuing 13) He … have forgotten about our meeting. He is very punctual. a) must not b) can’t c) may not 14) A fool … ask more questions that a wise man … answer. a) could, must b) must, may c) may, can 15) If only his father … alive! He could have helped him. a) has been b) would be c) were 16) I wish you … your grandfather, John. He died when you … five. a) know, was b) knew, were c) had known, was 17) The office is closed. She … be there. a) must not b) may not c) can’t 18) It’s too easy to give advice. But what … if you … me? a) can you do, are b) will you do, be c) would you do, were 19) If I … a million dollars I … probably buy a yacht. a) will have, can b) have, will c) had, would 20) I wish you … more polite with my parents. a) be b) would be c) are 21) Unfortunately I can’t be your dance partner. If only I … a bit taller. a) were b) can be c) am 22) The car broke down. But for that we … in time. a) were b) would have been c) could be 23) Nothing … about it at the meeting. a) had been said b) has said c) was said 24) Some famous buildings … and now look totally different. a) were restored b) are restored c) have been restored 25) While our teacher … a lesson an inspector came in. a) was giving b) has gone out c) is going out 26) This ancient book … for over a hundred years. a) hasn’t opened b) has not been opened c) wasn’t opened 27) After I … my driving test for the sixth time, I decided not to try again. a) had failed b) have failed c) was failed 28) The police believe that the man they … for may be dressed as an old beggar. a) are looked b) look c) are looking 29) I could feel that Jean … because she gripped my arm hard. a) was frightened b) had frightened c) was frightening 30) What sort of research … now and who … it? a) is doing, has done b) is being done, is doing c) has done, was doing
Приложение 2 ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ АГЕНТСТВО ПО ОБРАЗОВАНИЮ
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