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XI. Translate the following words with the same root:

obstruction, obstruct, obstructive; survive, survival, survivor; suggest, suggestive, suggestion; contribute, contribution, contributory, contributor

XII. Give the words of the close meaning:

to put forward, origin, whole, at the same time, to stay alive, in a wrong way, some time later, rather old, quite easily

XIII. Choose the sentences with Absolute Participle Construction:

1. Gastric and duodenal ulcers having been proved to result from disturbances in the central nervous system, the corticovisceral theory of the pathogenesis of ulcer was developed. 2. Being followed by erosion of the affected area of the stomach, spastic contractions of vessels result in trophic disturbances of this organ. 3. The patient having survived the operation well, the danger of peritonitis was eliminated.

XIV. Define the functions of the Infinitive. Translate the sentences:

1. The prominent Russian scientist S. Botkin was the first to advance the idea of an infectious origin of hepatitis. 2. The patient was known to have been operated on for gangrenous appendicitis a year before his admission to this hospital. 3. The physician did not expect the tissues of the spleen and gallbladder to become involved simultaneously with the liver. 4. The patient had to follow a strict diet to prevent the recurrence of the bile duct obstruction and jaundice.

XV. Read the words and translate the sentences:

1. incubation [,inkju'beifh]: Incubation period is the time during which pathogenic microorganisms grow in the body.

2. prodromal [,ргэс1го(и)т(э)1]: Prodromal period is the time when the characteristic sympToms of an infectious disease have not appeared yet, but the patient feels a general malaise.

3. parenterally [pa'rentarali]: All intramuscular and intravenous injections are given parenterally, i.e. directly into the organism but not orally.

4. serum ['siaram]: Serum is the watery fluid which remains after blood has coagulated.

XVI. Answer the following questions:

1. What do pathogenic microorganisms do in the human body during the period of incubation? 2. During what period of an infectious disease haven't its characteristic symptoms appeared yet? 3. What does the term "parenterally" mean? 4. What is the watery fluid which remains after blood has coagulated called?

XVII. 1. Read Text B. 2. Entitle it. 3. Say how infection spreads in this disease. 4. Put 10 questions to cover all the text:

Text В

In hepatitis the source of virus is a sick person who may spread the infection by personal contact from the last days of the incubation period during the entire course of the disease. But the infection is particularly virulent in the prodromal period and in the first week of the disease. The patient's blood being highly infective, even a small dose of 0.1 ml may be dangerous for a person.

In case of Virus A hepatitis infection enters the body through the mouth when eating infected food or drinking water. In case of Virus В hepatitis infection enters parenterally during transfusions of blood, plasma and serum, prophylactic vaccinations or is due to inadecuately sterilized instruments.

Epidemic (Virus A) hepatitis most commonly occurs late in autumn, early in winter, or in spring. The incubation period lasts from 14 days to 50 days, but in Virus В hepatitis it is from 2 to 6-8 months.

Botkin's disease causes inflammatory changes and degeneration of hepatic cells and damage to the bile ducts due to which bile enters the lymph flow and subsequently the blood. The tissues of the spleen, gallbladder and the nervous and endocrine systems become involved simultaneously with the liver.

LESSON 45

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