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Text 1. DATA PROCESSING AND DATA PROCESSING SYSTEMS

Зміст

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Завдання:

Text 1. DATA PROCESSING AND DATA PROCESSING SYSTEMS

The necessary data are processed by a computer to become useful information. In fact, this is the definition of data processing. Data are a collection of facts - unorganized but able to be organized into useful information. Processing is a series of actions or operations that convert inputs into outputs. When wc speak of data processing, the input is data, and the output is useful information. So, we can define data processing as a series of actions or operations that convert data into useful information.

We use the term "data processing system to include the resources that are used to accomplish the processing of data. There are four types of resources: people, materials, facilities, and equipment. People provide input to computers, operate them, and use their output.

The need for converting facts into useful information is not a phenomenon of modern life. Throughout history, and even prehistory, people have found it necessary to sort data into forms that were easier to understand. For example, the ancient Egyptians recorded the ebb and flow of the Nile River and used this information to predict yearly crop yields. Today computers convert data about land and water into recommendations to farmers on crop planting. Mechanical aids to computations were developed and improved upon in Europe, Asia, and America throughout the seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries. Modem computers are marvels of an electronics technology that continues to produce smaller, Cheaper, and more powerful components.

Five basic operations are characteristic of all data processing systems: inputting, storing, processing, outputting, and controlling. They are defined as follows.

Inputting is the process of entering data, which are collected facts, into a data processing system. Storing is saving aata or information so iiiai ihey are avaiiabie for initial or for additional processing. Processing represents performing arithmetic or logical operations on data in order to convert them into useful information. Outputting is the process of producing useful infoimation, such as a printed report or visual display.,

Controlling is directing the manner and sequence in which all of the above operations are performed.

It is known that data, once entered, are organized and stored in successively more comprehensive groupings. Generally, these groupings are called data storage hierarchy. The general groupings of any data storage hierarchy are as follows:

1. Characters, which are all written language symbols: letters, numbers, and special symbols.

2. Data elements, which are meaningful collections of related characters. Data elements are also called data items or fields.

1. Read the following international words and give their Ukrainian equivalents:

fact, operation, system, material, printer, special, phenomenon, recommendation, f technology, component, arithmetic, symbol, element, collection, bank.

2. Arrange the following words in pairs according to:

a) similar meaning: series, to transform, to define, data, to include, type, 10 provide, to require, to house, modem, throughout, to understand, computation. In continue, basic, to save, to direct, to perform, character, data base, a number, in embrace, to comprehend, to convert, to go on, to demand, to determine, to give, to siotv, to contain, up-to-date, calculation, data bank, to control, symbol, to carry out;

b) opposite meaning: necessary, useful, organized, modem, easier, ebb, to improve, to continue, powerful, initial, above, meaningful, ancient, powerless, useless, final, unnecessary, harder, to stop, meaningless, flow, unorganized, to worsen, below.

3. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following words and word- combinations:

data are processed, to become useful information, the definition of data processing, a series of actions or operations,to convert inputs, to sort data into forms, to accomplish the processing of data, the need for converting facts, throughout history, to record,the ebb and flow of the Nile River, to predict yearly crop yields, mechanical aids to computations, marvels of an electronics technology, the process of entering data, performing arithmetic or logical operations on data, a printed report or visual display, data storage hierarchy, written language symbols.

4. Fild in the text equivalents of the following Ukrainian words and word- combinations:

визначення (терміну) обробки даних, сукупність фактів, послідовність дій, перетворення вхідних даних в користну інформацію, система обробки даних, споживати у великій кількості, перетворення фактів в корисну інформацію, протягом доісторичного періоду, реєструвати відпливи та припливи, механічні засоби, введення даних, початкова обробка даних, надруковане повідомлення, візуальне відображення, ієрархія запам'ятовування, набір взаємопов'язаних файлів

5. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian paying attention to the active vocabulary of text:

1. A computer receives, stores, compares, changes and manipulates data. 2. There are three basic steps in handling data: input - entering data and instructions that enable the computer to do a specific job; processing - sorting data and doing calculations; and output - sending the results of processing to a display device. 3. A computer receives your input through the keyboard, disk drive, and other parts that you use to give it data or instructions. 4. The information that results from the processing is called output. 5. A computer's'ROM is not affected when you turn off the computer.

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