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Grammar: Gerund and its noun and verb characteristics

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  1. External characteristics
  2. Gerund and its noun and verb characteristics
  3. Match the English sentences with their Russian equivalents. Define the forms of the Gerund (Indefinite/Perfect/Active/Passive). Analyze the methods of translating the Gerund.
  4. THE GERUND

Text: Liver

PRE-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS

 

Exercise 1. Read and memorize:

1. vertebrate 2. detoxification   3. bilirubin 4. hepatocyte 5. holecystokinin 6. to emulsify 7. survival 8. scarring 9. fatty liver disease 10. cirrhosis 11. dialysis 12. liver failure 13. portal vein 14. prone (to) 15. to rid ['vɜːtɪbreɪt] [diːˌtɔksɪfɪ'keɪʃ(ə)n]   [ˌbɪlɪˈruːbɪn] ['hepətəsait] [ˌkɒlɪˌsɪstə(ʊ)ˈkʌɪnɪn] [i'melsifai] [səvaiv(ə)l] [skɑ:rɪŋ]   [si'rəʊsis] [daɪ'ælɪsɪs] ['livə] ['feiljə] ['pɔːt(ə)l veɪn] [prəʊn] [rid] хребетний, високорозвинений (про тварин) детоксикація, нейтралізація токсичних речовин білірубін клітина печінки холецистокiнiн робити емульсію, емульсувати виживання рубцювання жирова дистрофія печінки цироз печінки діаліз печінкова недостатність воротна вена схильний (до чого-небудь) очищати, звільняти

Exercise 2. Form adjectives using the suffix – ive, - ful, -al:

Effect, prevent, act, infect, addict, protect, penetrate, construct, reverse, connect,harm, use, pain, care, hope, irritate, cause.

 

Exercise 3. Read and translate the word combinations into your native language:

Vital organ of vertebrates, lobes of unequal size and shape, the hepatic artery and the portal vein, blood containing digested nutrients, detoxification and protein synthesis, to release the hormone, to emulsify fats, to rid of harmful substances, necessary for survival, an incredible capacity for regeneration, to be prone to disease, to cause long-term damage to the liver, permanent scarring, liver failure.

 

Exercise 4. Read and translate the text:

Liver

The liver is a vital organ present in human beings and other vertebrates. It is the largest gland in the human body and a part of the digestive system.

The liver is a reddish brown organ with four lobes of unequal size and shape. A human liver normally weighs about 1.5 kg and is a soft triangular organ. It is located in the right upper part of the abdominal cavity, just below the diaphragm and is protected by the ribs. It is connected to two large blood vessels - the hepatic artery and the portal vein. The hepatic artery carries blood from the aorta and the portal vein carries blood containing digested nutrients from the gastrointestinal tract. These blood vessels subdivide into capillaries, which then lead to a lobule. Each lobule is made up of millions of hepatic cells which are the basic metabolic cells. Lobules are the functional units of the liver.

Liver has a wide range of functions, including detoxification, protein synthesis, and production of biochemicals necessary for digestion.

The liver plays an active role in the process of digestion through the production of bile. Bile is a mixture of water, bile salts, cholesterol, and the pigment bilirubin. Hepatocytes in the liver produce bile, which then passes through the bile ducts to be stored in the gallbladder. When food containing fats reaches the duodenum, the cells of the duodenum release the hormone cholecystokinin to stimulate the gallbladder to release bile. Bile passes through the bile ducts and is released into the duodenum where it emulsifies fats for the body to digest them much easier.

But the liver's main function is to filter the blood coming from the digestive tract, before passing it to the rest of the body. It detoxifies the blood to rid it of harmful substances such as alcohol and drugs.

The liver supports almost every organ in the body and is necessary for survival. Because the liver performs so many vital functions, it is prone to disease. Fortunately, the liver has an incredible capacity for regeneration of dead or damaged tissues; it is capable of growing very quickly to restore its normal size and function. In most cases, the liver only produces symptoms after extensive damage.

Common liver diseases include hepatitis A, B, C; cirrhosis, caused by long-term damage to the liver from any cause can that leads to permanent scarring; fatty liver disease; cancer as well as damage from alcohol.

There is currently no way to compensate the absence of liver function. Nowadays dialysis (machine performs the detoxification function of the liver) but it cannot support a person longer than a few years.

POST-TEXT ASSIGMENTS

 

Exercise 5. Answer the questions to the text:

1. Where is the liver located?

2. What does liver consist of?

3. What blood vessels is liver connected to?

4. What functions does liver have?

5. What is bile?

6. What is the function of bile?

7. Why is liver prone to infections?

8. Why is liver considered to be vital for survival?

9. What incredible capacity does liver have?

10. What diseases of the liver do you know?

 

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