 |
|
АкушерствоАнатомияАнестезиологияВакцинопрофилактикаВалеологияВетеринарияГигиенаЗаболеванияИммунологияКардиологияНеврологияНефрологияОнкологияОториноларингологияОфтальмологияПаразитологияПедиатрияПервая помощьПсихиатрияПульмонологияРеанимацияРевматологияСтоматологияТерапияТоксикологияТравматологияУрологияФармакологияФармацевтикаФизиотерапияФтизиатрияХирургияЭндокринологияЭпидемиология |
Answer the questions. 1. What is the cell consists of?
1. What is the cell consists of? 2. What is a membrane? 3. Is cell the smallest independent unit of the body? 4. What can be grown in test – tubes? 5. What can various tissues form, when they are together? 6. What are the organ system consist of? 7. What are cell characterized by? 8. What are cell organelles? 9. What ate membranes? 10. What is the cytoplasm?
Make the sentences of your own using the new words (10 sentences). Find the verb to be in the text. Explain why it is used in such a way? Find one word, which is a little bit different in meaning from others (найдите одно слово,которое немного отличается от других по смыслу): 1) a) cell; b) body; c) flower; 2) a) life; b) plate; c) people; 3) a) test-tube; b) microscope; c) pen; 4) a) curtain; b) body; c) tissue; 5) a) spoon; b) kidney; c) liver.
Tissue A tissue is a group of cells working together to do a special job. A histologist is one whospecializes in the study of tissues. The cells, of which the tissues are made, contain from 60 to 99% water. Gases, liquids and solids dissolve in the water. Chemical reactions that arenecessary for proper body function are carried on much more readily in a water solution. Thewater solution and other materials in which the tissues are bathed is slightly salty. This substance is called tissue fluid. It must be mentioned that an insufficiency of tissues fluid iscalled dehydration and an abnormal accumulation of this fluid caused a condition called edema. Tissue classification: The 4 main groups of tissues are: 1) epithelial tissue forms elands, covers surfaces and lines cavities; 2) connective tissue holds all parts of the body in Place. This can be fat, cartilage, bone orblood. Blood sometimes is considered a sort of tissue, since it contains cells and performsmany of the functions of tissues. However; the blood has many other unique characteristics; 3) nerve tissue conducts nerve impulses all over the body; 4) the muscle tissue is designed for power-producing contractions. The surface of the bodyand of the tubes or passages leading to the exterior and the surface of the various cavities inthe body are lined by cells which are closely approximated to each other; thus have a smallamount of intercellular substance. This lining cellular layer is called epithelium. An epithelial layermay be one or many cells in thickness. When it is composed of a single layer, it is called a simpleepithelium; when two or more cells in thickness, it is stratified. The nature and consistency ofintercellular substance, the matrix, and the amount and arrangement of fibers furnish the basisfor the subdivision of connective tissue into three main groups: connective tissue proper,cartilage and bone. In connective tissue the intercellular substance is soft; in cartilage it is firm,yet flexible and elastic; in bone it is rigid due to the deposition of calcium salt in the matrix. Inmulticellular organisms certain cells developed to a high degree the properties of irritability andconductivity. These cells form the nervous tissues. The nervous system of higher animals is characterized by the multiplicity of cellular forms andintercellular connections and by the complexity of its functioning. This multiplicity andcomplexity is the chief feature that distinguishes the nervous tissues from other tissue whichare essentially of uniform structure and function. Muscle tissue is composed of elongated cells which have the power of contracting orreducing their length. This property of contraction is ultimately a molecular phenomenon and isdue to the presence of protein molecules. The following three types of muscle tissue occur inthe body. Smooth muscle tissue is found in sheet or tubes forming the walls of many hollow or tubularorgans, for example the bladder, the intes tines of blood vessels. The cells forming this tissueare long spin dles with a central oval nucleus. They are usually packed together with all littleconnective tissue between them. Striated muscle tissue is composed of cylindrical fibres often of great at length in whichseparate cells cannot be distinguished. Many small nuclei are found in the fibres lie just underthe surface. Cardiac muscle resembles striated muscle in its structure, but smooth one in itsaction. New words tissue – ткань group – группа to work – работать to do – делать special – особенный, специальный job – работа water – вода gas – газ liquid – жидкость epithelial – эпителиальный layer – слой muscle – мышца to occur – встречаться body – тело flexible – гибкий elastic – эластичный nucleus – ядро smooth – гладкий fibre – волокно cardiac – сердечный
Неопределенный артикль a (an) может употребляться только с исчисляемымисуществительными, стоящими в единственном числе. Перед неисчисляемымисуществительными или существительными во множественном числе неопределенныйартикль опускается. Определенный артикль the употребляется и с исчисляемыми, и снеисчисляемыми существительными как в единственном, так и во множественномчисле.
E. g. This is a book. The book is interesting (исчисляемое в единственном числе). This is – meat. The meat is fresh (неисчисляемое). These are – books. The books are good (множественное число). Вставьте артикль, где необходимо. 1. This is… pen… pen is red. 2. These are pencils.. pencils are black. 3. This is… soup… soup is tasty. 4. In the morning I eat… sandwich and drink… tea. 5. She gave me… coffee and. cake.. coffee was hot and. cake was tasty. 6. Do you like… ice-cream? 7. I see… book in your… hand. Is… book interesting? 8. She bought… meat,… butter and… potatoes yesterday. 9. She also bought… cake… cake was very… tasty. We ate… cake with. tea. 10. This is… bag… bag is brown. 11. It is my sister's… bag. 12. And this is my… bag. It is… yellow. 13. This is. tree.. tree is green. 14. I can see… boys… boys are playing. 15. I have.bicycle… bicycle is black. My friend has no… bicycle. 16. Our… room is large. 17. We wrote… dictation yesterday… dictation was long. 18. She has two… daughters and one… son. Her… son is… pupil. 19. My… brother's… friend has no… dog. 20. This… pencil is broken. Give me that… pencil, please. 21. She has… ball… ball is… big. 22. I got… letter from my… friend yesterday… letter was interesting. Дата добавления: 2015-12-15 | Просмотры: 1008 | Нарушение авторских прав |