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Answer the questions.
1. What is tissue? 2. What are the tissues made of? 3. How many per cents of water do the cells contain? 4. What is dissolved in water? 5. What reactions are necessary for proper body function? 6. What substance is called tissue fluid? 7. How many groups are in the tissue classification? 8. What is lining cellular layer called? 9. What cells form the nervous tissues? 10. Where is smooth muscle tissue found?
Make the sentences of your own using the new words (10 sentences). Find the definite and indefinite articles in the text. Find one word, which is a little bit different in meaning from others (найдите одно слово,которое немного отличается от других по смыслу): 1) a) tissue; b) body; c) pen; 2) a) water; b) cell; c) circle; 3) a) muscle; b) arm; c) cold; 4) a) elastic; b) smooth; c) brick; 5) a) fibre; b) cardiac; c) linе
Epidermis The integument consists of the skin (epidermis and dermis) and associated appendages(sweat glands, sebaceous glands, hairs, and nails). Considered the largest body organ, theintegument comprises approximately 16% of total body weight. It is a highly specialized organthat functions to protect the body from injury, desiccation, and infection. It also participates insensory reception, excretion, thermoregulation, and maintenance of water balance. Epidermis is the outermost layer of the integument. It is a stratified squamous epithelial layerof ectodermal origin. Layers of the epidermis from deep to superficial consist of four strata. Stratum basale(stratum germinativum) is a proliferative basal layer of columnar-like cells that contain thefibrous protein keratin. Stratum spinosum is a multilaminar layer of cuboidal-like cells that arebound together by means of numerous cytoplasmic extensions and des-mosomal junctions. Stratum granulosum consists of flat polygonal cells filled with ba-sophilic keratohyalingranules. Viewed at the electron microscopic level, these cells also contain numerous membrane-coating granules. Stratum corneum is the superficial stratum of dead cells and consistsof several to many layers of flat, anucleated, and cornified (kerati-nized) cells. In the epidermisof the palms and soles, a thin, transitional zone of flat eosinophilic or pale-staining anucleatedcells may occur as the stratum lucidum. This layer is found only in regions with a thick stratacorneum. Cells of the epidermis: keratinocytes are the most numerous and are responsible for theproduction of the family of keratin proteins that provide the barrier function of the epidermis. Melanocytes are derivatives of neural crest ectoderm. They are found in the dermis and arealso scattered among the keratinocytes in the basal layers of the epidermis. These dendriticcells produce the pigment melanin in the form melanosomes that are transferred to kerati-nocytes. Langerhans cells are dendritic cells but are members of the immune system and function asantigen-presenting cells. They have also been found in other parts of the body, including theoral cavity and lymph nodes. Merkel cells are found in the basal epidermis and appear function in concert with nerve fibersthat are closely associated with them. At the electron microscopic level, their cytoplasmcontains numerous membrane-bound granules that resemble those of catecholamine-pro-ducing cells. New words epidermis – эпидермис dermis – дерма largest – самый большой approximately – приблизительно weight – вес to protect – защищать injury – рана cytoplasmic – цитоплазматический several – несколько level – уровень flat – плоский palm – ладонь thick – толстый pigment – пигмент melanin – меланин nerve – нерв closely – тесно Дата добавления: 2015-12-15 | Просмотры: 557 | Нарушение авторских прав |