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DEGENERATIVE DISORDERS

The brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves consist of billions of nerve cells. Each of these cells is a complex electrical and chemical transmitter that carries signals to make the muscles move and to relay information throughout the nervous system. If a few cells die or malfunction, the person will notice any change. When there is progressive deterioration in any part of the nervous system, the person gradually will lose some ability to function. This loss can involve mental ability, muscular movement, muscular control, or impaired coordination. Compared with many other diseases, the degenerative disorders are less well understood.

Alzheimer's Disease. This disease is due to a degeneration of brain cells. It gradually produces abnormalities in certain areas of the brain. The brain cells of persons with Alzheimer's disease have characteristic features that were first described in 1907 by Alios Alzheimer. The cause of Alzheimer's disease, however, is unknown. Among the several possible causes are genetic factors, toxic exposures, abnormal protein production, viruses, and neurochemical abnormalities.

The symptoms of Alzheimer's disease are gradual loss of memory and inability to learn new information, growing tendency to repeat oneself, slow disintegration of personality, increasing irritability, and depression. No effective treatment exists. Some medications modify the symptoms of the disease. Occasionally, mild sedatives, antidepressants, or antipsychotic medications may be necessary to control behavior.

Parkinson's disease was first described by Englishman James Parkinson in 1817. It is progressive degeneration of nerve cells in the part of the brain that controls muscle movements. The signs and symptoms of Parkinson's disease are shaking at rest (rest tremor), stiffness or rigidity of limbs, slow, soft, monotone voice, and difficulty in maintaining balance.

The cause of this disease remains unknown. Parkinson's disease ordinarily starts in middle or late life and develops very slowly. Many individuals with Parkinson's disease have depression. Some degree of mental deterioration occurs in about one-third of those persons with Parkinson's disease. In the later stages, auditory and visual hallucinations may develop.

In early stages of the illness, the person may not require therapy. Medication normally is introduced at a time when Parkinson's disease interferes with daily activities. The main goal of treatment is to reverse the problems with walking, movement, and tremors.

Multiple sclerosis is characterized by numbness, weakness, or paralysis in one or more limbs, impaired vision with pain during movement in one eye, tremor, lack of coordination, and rapid, involuntary eye movement. Its cause is unknown, but medical research is very active. The presence of a virus, in either immune cells or sheath-producing cells, is one suspected cause. Attacks ordinarily recur and the symptoms may increase in severity. Many persons with multiple sclerosis are ambulatory, and many are employed even after having multiple sclerosis for 20 years.

There is no cure for multiple sclerosis. Medications vary depending on the symptoms. Baclofen is sometimes useful for suppressing muscle spasticity. For severe attacks, corticosteroid drugs may be prescribed to reduce inflammation and provide temporary relief.

Ex. 11. Translate the following words and word-combinations into English:

Погіршення; нечутливість, оніміння; психотичний|; дія; заважати|мішати|, стояти на заваді; припускати|передбачати|; галюцинація; спастика|, спастичність; повторюватися, відбуватися|походити| знову|знову,щойно|; розділення|поділ|, роздвоєння; поведінка; поступовий; пом'якшувати, послаблювати|ослабляти,послабляти|; дратувати|роздратовує,подразнює|.

Ex. 12. Answer the following questions:

1. What cases can the person lose some ability to function in? 2. What is Alzheimer's disease? 3. What are the causes of Alzheimer's disease? 4. What symptoms of this disease do you know? 5. What is the goal of medications in Alzheimer's disease? 6. When was Parkinson's disease described? 7. What is Parkinson's disease? 8. What are the signs of this disease? 9. What is the cause of Parkinson's disease? 10. When is medication normally introduced? 11. What is multiple sclerosis characterized by? 12. What are the suspected causes of multiple sclerosis?

Ex. 13. Do you agree or disagree with the following statements:

1. The particular behavioral characteristics of Alzheimer's disease depend on which area of the brain is most affected by the disease process. 2. Alzheimer's disease is extremely rare in middle age. 3. Alzheimer's disease is generally an acute condition and often requires emergency treatment. 4. Parkinson's disease ordinarily starts in young people and develops very quickly. 5. Although much research has been done on Parkinson's disease, the cause remains unknown. 6. Multiple sclerosis is a disease of the central nervous system. 7. Multiple sclerosis has a wide variety of symptoms because of the way it affect the central nervous system.

Ex. 14. Translate the following sentences into English:

1. Якщо велика кількість клітин головного мозку або периферичної нервової системи відмирають, то людина може помітити суттєві зміни в стані свого здоров'я. 2. У порівнянні з іншими захворюваннями, дегенеративні захворювання вивчені менше. 3. При захворюванні Альцгеймера виникає дегенерація клітин мозку. 4. Причинами цього захворювання можуть бути генетичні чинники|фактори|, патологічне продукування протеїнів та інфекційні захворювання. 5. Поступова втрата пам'яті, нездатність запам'ятовувати нову інформацію, депресія і підвищена дратівливість є|з'являються,являються| ознаками цього захворювання. 6. Захворювання Паркінсона – це дегенерація нервових клітин в будь-якій частині|частці| головного мозку. 7. Це захворювання, як правило, починається|розпочинає,зачинає| в середньому або літньому віці. 8. Розсіяний|неуважний| склероз характеризується паралічем кінцівок|скінченностей|, погіршенням зору і слуху|чутки|, тремором і частим кліпанням очима.

Ex. 15. Speak on causes, symptoms and signs, and treatment of:

Alzheimer's Disease;

Parkinson's Disease;

Multiple Sclerosis.

Ex. 16. Write the summary of the text "Degenerative Disorders".

Ex. 17. Read and translate the following text:

STROKE

Stroke is a disease that affects the blood vessels that supply blood to the brain.

A stroke occurs when a blood vessel that brings oxygen and nutrients to the brain bursts or is clogged by a blood clot or some other mass. Because of this rupture or blockage, part of the brain doesn't get the blood and oxygen it needs. Deprived of oxygen, nerve cells in the affected area of the brain can't work and die within minutes. And when nerve cells can't work, the part of the body they control can't work either. The devastating effects of a severe stroke are often permanent because dead brain cells aren't replaced.

There are two main types of stroke. One (ischemic stroke) is caused by blockage of a blood vessel; the other (hemorrhagic stroke) is caused by bleeding. Bleeding strokes have a much higher fatality rate than strokes caused by clots.

The symptoms of stroke can be quite heterogeneous, and patients with the same cause of stroke can have widely differing handicaps. Conversely, patients with the same clinical handicap can in fact have different underlying causes.

Risk factors for stroke include advanced age, hypertension (high blood pressure), previous stroke or TIA (transient ischaemic attack), diabetes mellitus, high cholesterol, cigarette smoking, atrial fibrillation, migraine with aura, and thrombophilia. In clinical practice, blood pressure is the most important modifiable risk factor of stroke; however many other risk factors, such as cigarette smoking cessation and treatment of atrial fibrillation with anticoagulant drugs, are important.

The traditional definition of stroke, devised by the World Health Organisation in the 1970s, is of a neurological deficit of cerebrovascular cause that persists beyond 24 hours or is interrupted by death within 24 hours'. This definition was largely devised for the purpose of research and the time frame of 24 hours appears purely arbitrarily chosen as a cut-off point. It divides stroke from TIA (or mini-stroke), which is the same as above but completely resolves clinically within 24 hours. The division of stroke and TIA into separate clinical entities is considered impractical and even unhelpful in practice by many stroke doctors. The main reason for this is the fact that stroke and TIA are caused by the same disease process, and both persons with a stroke or a TIA are at a higher risk of a subsequent stroke.

In recognition of this, and improved methods for the treatment of stroke, the term "brain attack" is being promoted in the Western World as a substitute for stroke or TIA. The new term makes an analogy with "heart attack" (myocardial infarction), because in both conditions, an interruption of blood supply causes death of tissue that is highly time dependent ('time is brain') and potentially life-threatening. Many hospitals have "brain attack" teams within their neurology departments specifically for swift treatment of stroke.

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