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DISORDERS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM

The central nervous system is vulnerable to a wide variety of disorders. They are strokes, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, meningitis, encephalitis, poliomyelitis (polio), neuralgias and seizure. The causes of these disorders include interruption of the blood supply to the brain, degeneration of nerve cells, head injury, tumor of the brain, viral infection and others.

Seizure (epilepsy) is actually a whole group of brain disorders. The seizure can be either partial or complete, depending on the amount of brain involved and whether or not consciousness is impaired. Normally there is a balance between excitation and inhibition in the brain. When this balance is disrupted by increased excitation or decreased inhibition, a seizure may result. There are some types of seizure. One of them is grand mal seizure.

A grand mal seizure starts with a loss of consciousness and falling down, followed by a 15- to 20-second period with muscle rigidity and then a 1- to 2-minute period of rhythmic convulsions. The seizure ends with a few minutes of deep, relaxed sleep before consciousness returns.

Grand mal seizures are due to abnormal electric activity throughout the brain. Research has shown that seizure can be produced in normal brain by various chemical and electrical stimulants. Sometimes seizures run in families. Other identified causes for seizures include scar tissue from brain disease or injury; brain infection, tumor, abscess, or hemorrhage; metabolic disturbances from kidney or liver disease. Nevertheless, the cause frequently is unknown when the disorder starts before age 25. Seizures that start after age 25 may be caused by slowly growing brain tumors.

Medication controls or greatly reduces seizures for more than 75 percent of affected persons. Some medicines can improve management of epileptic seizures in 25 percent of people with seizure disorders. The person must avoid lack of sleep or excess alcohol. Regular and adequate rest is important. The person has to wear a bracelet stating who should be contacted if a seizure occurs.

Ex. 3. Read and translate the following definitions:

Seizure is a sudden attack often including convulsions; this symptom, if recurrent, often is referred to as a seizure disorder or as epilepsy.

Grand mal is generalized convulsion accompanied by loss of consciousness.

Neuralgia is sharp pain along the course of a nerve.

Cognitive: pertaining to the mental process of thought, including perception, reasoning, intuition, and memory.

Convulsion is a sudden attack usually characterized by loss of consciousness and severe, rhythmic contractions of some or all voluntary muscles. It is the most often a manifestation of a seizure disorder.

Ex. 4. Answer the following questions:

1. What causes strokes? 2. What diseases concerning degeneration of nerve cells do you know? 3. What are the causes of meningitis and encephalitis? 4. What is poliomyelitis? 5. What are cognitive disorders? 6. What is neuralgia?

Ex. 5. Speak on the different causes of disorders of nervous system.

Ex. 6. Translate the following sentences into English:

1. Існує величезна кількість захворювань центральної нервової системи. 2. Причинами захворювань можуть бути дегенерація нервових клітин, вірусна інфекція, метаболічне порушення функцій нирок, захворювання печінки, травма або пухлина мозку. 3. Епілепсія є|з'являється,являється| результатом підвищеної активізації або надмірного стримування роботи мозку. 4. Ознаками епілепсії є втрата свідомості, конвульсії і короткочасний глибокий сон. 5. Медичні препарати можуть зменшити ступінь|міру| захворювання, але|та| не вилікувати його. 6. Людина, що страждає на епілепсією, повинна вести здоровий спосіб життя.

Ex. 7. Read and translate the following text:

INFECTIONS

Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain most often caused by a virus and less often by bacteria or other agents. A large variety of symptoms may result, including fever, paralysis, come, or even death.

Myelitis is an inflammation of the spinal cord with causes and symptoms similar to those for encephalitis.

Meningitis is the inflammation of the meninges. It may be viral induced but is more often bacterial. Symptoms include neck stiffness, headache, and fever. In severe cases meningitis may cause paralysis, come, or death.

Rabies is a viral disease transmitted by the bite of an infected mammal. The rabies virus infects the brain, salivary glands, muscles, and connective tissue. The virus also infects the brain and results in abnormal excitability, aggression, and in later stages, paralysis and death.

Ex. 8. Read and memorize the following words:

Ex. 9. Translate the following words into Ukrainian:

Transmitter; malfunction; feature; cause; interfere; increasing; shake; degree; numbness; walking; disintegration; irritability; sheath; gradual; stiffness; suspect; hallucination; exposure; psychotic; deterioration; recur.

Ex. 10. Read and translate the following text:

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