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Circulatory system

The heart furnishes the driving force for the blood. In the normal circulatory system the channels which convey the blood away from the heart are arteries, and those which return it to the heart are veins. The central supply tube is termed the aorta and the central collecting tubes - the venae cavae. The arteries divide into smaller tubes which are known as arterioles and these divide into still finer tubules which are called capillaries. On the other side of this network of fine tubules lie the smaller collecting channels or venules. The latter finally unite into veins and these unite into the venae cavae.

Accordingly, the entire circulatory system may be divided into three parts: into arteries, capillaries and veins. It must be said that any vessel which conveys the blood away from the heart is known as an artery and any vessel which returns the blood to this organ as a vein. The decisive factor in this terminology is the direction of the blood flow and not the character of the blood. Thus, it is a well known fact that the pulmonary artery conveys venous blood to the lungs, while the pulmonary vein carries the arterial blood from these organs to the heart.

7. Составьте вопросы, ответами на которые являются приведенные ниже предложения.

1. The channels which convey the blood away from the heart are arteries.

2. The central supply tube is termed the aorta.

3. No, the smaller collecting channels finally unite into veins.

4. The entire circulatory system may be divided into three parts: into arteries, capillaries and veins.

5. Yes, the decisive factor in this terminology is the direction of the blood flow.

6. The pulmonary artery conveys venous blood to the lungs.

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1.Giving a large number of illustrations, a doctor provided a basis for discussion.

2. The method used helped the doctor to make a correct diagnosis.

3. The portal vein enters the liver dividing into two branches there.

4. The capillaries of the hepatic artery joining those of the portal vein mix the blood of

one system with the blood of the other system.

5. The aorta formed by series of vessels is divided into three parts – the arch,

thoracic and abdominal aorta.

6. The blood conveyed away from the heart through the veins to the right atrium is

called venous.

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Aorta

The aorta is the main trunk of the series of vessels which convey the oxygenated blood to the tissues of the body. It begins at the upper part of the left ventricle, where it is about 3 cm. in diameter, and after ascending for a short distance, arches backwards and to the left, over the root of the left lung; it then descends within the thorax on the left side of the vertebral column, gradually inclining towards the median plane, and enters the abdominal cavity through the aortic opening, in the diaphragm. Considerably diminished in size, it ends a little to the left of the median plane, at the level of the lower border of the fourth lumbar vertebra, by dividing into the right and left common iliac arteries. For convenience it is described in several portions, viz., the ascending aorta, the arch of the aorta, and the descending aorta. The latter is divided into the descending thoracic and abdominal aortae.

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