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Укажите неправильные утверждения и исправьте их, используя текст «ABDOMEN».

1. Abdomen is the upper part of the trunk.

2. Above, and separated from it by the diaphragm or midriff, lies the pelvis.

3. The principal contents of the abdominal cavity are digestive organs, i. e., stomach, intestines, and the associated glands, the liver and pancreas.

4. The position of the stomach is above the lungs.

5. From the kidneys run the ureters or urinary ducts down along the back wall to the bladder in the pelvis.

6. The pancreas lies across the spine in front of the kidneys.

7. Hanging down from the stomach in front of the bowels is the omentum, or apron, containing a considerable amount of water.

Выполните письменный перевод текста на русский язык, используя словарь.

Stomach.

The stomach is a dilated portion of the alimentary canal, which in man has a shape somewhat resembling that of a pear. The larger end, known as the «fundus», lies in the hollow of the left side of the diaphragm. The upper part of the stomach, into which the gullet opens, is known as the cardiac part, while the lower and narrower portion is known as the pyloric part. The two openings into and out of the stomach are known as the cardia and the pylorus. The stomach is slightly flattened from before backwards, and the two edges are known as the lesser curvature, which runs from one opening to the other direct, and the greater curvature, which sweeps round the fundus from the cardia to the pylorus.

The stomach hangs very freely suspended in the upper and left part of the abdomen, so that changes in its position and shape take place readily according to the amount of food it contains.

The stomach possesses four coats similar to those of the intestine, which are, from within outwards, a mucous membrane, sub-mucous layer, muscular coat, and peritoneal coat. Mucous membrane lines the interior of the stomach and is of smooth, soft texture, though raised up into ridges when the stomach is empty. The surface can be seen with the naked eye to be thickly covered by minute pits into each of which several tube-shaped glands are found, on microscopic section, to open. The surface of the mucous membrane is composed of a single layer of columnar cells, and these also line the pits referred to above. Each gland is composed of large cubical cells so arranged as to form a tube, open at the upper end where it meets the pit, and closed beneath. These cells secrete the gastric juice which exudes from all the minute tubes as digestion is proceeding. Between the tubular glands lies some supporting connective tissue in which run numerous blood-capillaries and lymph-vessels.

Submucous coat is a loose connective tissue layer which joins the mucous coat to the muscular coat, and in which the large blood vessels of the stomach run. The loose arrangement of its fibres allows the mucous membrane to glide freely over the muscular coat in the movements and variations in size of the stomach.

Muscular coat is of considerable thickness in the stomach, and is of great importance in varying the size of the organ according to the amount of food it contains, in making the peristaltic movements which mix the food with the digestive juice, and finally in expelling the softened food from the stomach into the small intestine. This coat consists of three layers, an outer one which the fibres run lengthwise, a middle one where they are circular, and an inner layer in which they run obliquely across the stomach.

Peritoneal coat is similar to the peritoneum covering the other organs of the abdomen.

The stomach is abundantly supplied with blood from the coeliac axis, a short, wide artery which comes directly from the aorta and likewise gives branches to the liver, pancreas and spleen. There is a large arterial arch round either curvature, and from these two arches smaller branches run into the wall of the stomach and reach the submucous coat, from which minute branches are distributed to the other coats.

The blood is collected by veins which ultimately return it to the portal vein.

The stomach is very richly supplied with nerves both from the nervus vagus and from nervus sympathicus. The tenth cranial nerve (vagus) of each side has a long course down the side of the gullet, and after giving branches to the larynx, heart, lungs, and other organs, terminates in the stomach. Other branches come from the solar plexus of the nervus sympathicus. These nerves form a plexus in the submucous coat and another in the muscular coat, which undoubtedly exert an influence over the secretions and movements of the organ.

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