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Прочтите слова из текста «Heart». Скажите, по каким правилам в них читаются ударные гласные и сочетание гласных.

Hollow, organ, valve, function, chest, side, reach, border, margin, rib, surface, faced, main, circular, each, sixty, nerve, need, poisoned, human, air, hour, entire.

Поставьте глаголы в скобках в соответствующую контексту видовременную форму действительного или страдательного залога. Составьте вопрос к выделенным частям предложений.

1. The heart (to be located) between the lungs.

2. The heart (to be) a muscular organ.

3. The heart (to be divided) into four cavities: the right auricle and ventricle, left

auricle and ventricle.

4. Ventricles (to form) the lower and larger cavities of the heart.

5. Auricles (to comprise) the two upper chambers of the heart.

6. The inner surface of the heart (to cover) by the endocardium.

Прочтите предложения и укажите форму и функции инфинитива. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. The valves help to maintain the pressure necessary for the circulation.

2. It is important to point out the clinical aspects of the case under discussion.

3. To prevent heart disease is the main task.

4. To understand the origin of the illness is a desire of every doctor.

5. The management of cardiovascular problems can be the key to preventive medicine.

6. Cardiovascular disease is one of the most important to study.

7. A doctor listens to a patient's heart to determine and diagnose any heart failure.

8. This book deserves to be on the shelf of a practicing cardiologist.

9. The method is too complicated to use.

10. He wants to deal with this problem himself.

11. Ann was the last to present her papers.

Прочтите предложения и определите время глагола.

1. Coronary patients are established to be at increased risk of cardiac mortality.

2. Circulatory disorders will increase.

3. Additional studies will be required to clarify the origin of this disease.

4. Certain precautions were not justified.

5. The results proved a satisfactory condition of the patient.

Vocabulary List

auricle – ушная раковина, ушко предсердия

(to) beat – пульс, биться (о сердце)

broad – широкий

endocardium – эндокард, внутренняя оболочка сердца

epicardium – эпикард, наружная оболочка сердца

to extend – увеличивать, распространять(ся), простираться

to lubricate – смазывать

to maintain – поддерживать, содержать

outlet – выпускное или выходное отверстие

to prevent – предупреждать, предотвращать

smooth – гладкий, однородный

sound – звук, тон

stomach – желудок

valve – клапан

vagus (pl. vagi) - блуждающий нерв

Прочтите текст. Найдите и переведите предложения, содержащие Infinitive and Passive Voice.

Heart

Heart is a hollow muscular organ with four cavities; each provided at its outlet with a valve, whose function is to maintain the circulation of the blood. The two upper cavities are known as atria or auricles, the two lower ones as ventricles (ventriculus, a little stomach).

The heart lies in the chest between the two lungs, but projecting more to the left side than to the right. On the left side its apex reaches out almost to the nipple; and lies beneath the fifth rib, while its right border extends only a short distance, at most an inch, beyond the margin of the breast-bone. Its lower border rests upon the diaphragm by which it is separated from the liver and stomach. Above, the heart extends to the level of the second rib, where the great vessels, the aorta on the right side and the pulmonary artery on the left, lie behind the breast-bone. One end of the heart is pointed (apex), the other is broad (base).

Structure. The heart lies within a strong fibrous bag, known as the pericardium, and since the inner surface of this bag and the outer surface of the heart are both covered with a smooth, glistening membrane faced with flat cells and lubricated by a little serous fluid, the movements of the heart are accomplished almost without friction. The main thickness of the heart wall consists of bundles of muscle fibers.

Within all the cavities is a smooth lining membrane continuous with that lining the vessels which open into the heart. The investing smooth membrane is known as epicardium, the muscular substance as myocardium, and the smooth lining membrane as endocardium.

For the regulation of the heart's action there are important nervous connections, especially with the vagus and with the sympathetic nerves.

There is no direct communication between the cavities on the right side and those on the left; but the right auricle opens into the right ventricle by a large circular opening, and similarly the left auricle into the left ventricle. Into the right auricle open two large veins, the superior and inferior venae cavae, with some smaller veins from the wall of the heart itself, and into the left auricle open two pulmonary veins from each lung. One opening leads out of each ventricle, to the aorta in the case of the left ventricle, to the pulmonary artery from the right.

As stated above there are four valves. Two of these are placed at the openings leading from auricle into ventricle, the «tricuspid valve» on the right side, the «mitral valve» on the left, so as completely to prevent blood from running back into the auricle when the ventricle contracts. Two more, the «pulmonary valve» and the «aortic valve», are placed at the entrance to these arteries, and prevent regurgitation into the ventricles of blood which has been driven from them into the arteries. The noises made by these valves in closing are known as the heart sounds, and can be heard by anyone who applies his ear to the front of a person's chest.

Action. At each heart-beat the two auricles contract and expel their contents into the ventricles, which at the same time they stimulate to contract together, so that the blood is driven into the arteries, to be returned again to the auricles after having completed a circuit through the body or lungs as the case may be. The heart beats from sixty to ninety times a minute, the rate in any given healthy person being about four times that of the respirations. The heart is to some extent regulated by a nerve centre in the medulla oblongata, closely connected with those centres which govern the lungs and stomach, and nerve-fibers pass to it in the vagus nerve. By some of these fibers its rate and force can be diminished, by others increased, according to the needs of the various organs of the body. If this nerve centre be injured or poisoned, for example by want of fresh air, etc., the heart stops beating in human beings, though in some of the lower animals e. g., frogs, fishes, and reptiles - the heart may under favourable conditions go on beating for hours even after its entire removal from the body.

6. Найдите в тексте предложения, эквивалентные следующим русским предложениям:

1. Сердце - это полый мышечный орган с четырьмя полостями,....

2. Сердце находится в грудной клетке между двумя легкими, но...

3. Один конец сердца - это верхушка, а другой...

4. Для регуляции работы сердца существуют важные нервные соединения, особенно …

5. Не существует прямой связи между полостями на правой стороне и

…находятся четыре клапана.

6. При каждом биение сердца два предсердия сокращаются и....

7. Сердце совершает от 60-80 ударов в минуту, частота...

7. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

1. What is the heart?

2. Where is the heart located?

3. What are the cavities of the heart?

4. What is the difference between the left and the right side of the heart?

5. What is the structure of the heart like?

6. How many beats per minute does the heart make?

7. When can the heart stop beating?

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