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Zablocki of Wisconsin Got

$2,000 —Humphrey Was

the Recipient of $500

( TheNewYorkTimes )

Such group headlines are almost a summary of the information contained in a news item or an article.

The functions and the peculiar nature of English headlines predetermine the choice of language means used. The vocabulary groups considered in the analysis of brief news items are commonly found in headlines. But unlike news, headlines also contain emotionally coloured words and phrases as the italicised words in the following:

UNWILLING FLUNKEYS (Daily Herald)

Crazy Waste of Youth (Reynolds News)

Mac Silent on Paris Talks (Daily Worker)

NEDDY SHOWS SIGNS OF FLAGGING (The Guardian)

No Wonder Housewives are Pleading: 'HELP' (Daily Mirror)

Roman Catholic Priest sacked (Morning Star).

Furthermore, to attract the reader's attention, headline writers often resort to a deliberate breaking-up of set expressions, in particular fused set expressions, and deformation of special terms, a stylistic device capable of producing a strong emotional effect, e.g.,

Cakes and Bitter Ale (The Sunday Times)

Multilateral Fog (Daily Worker)

Conspirator-in-chief Still at Large (The Guardian)

Compare respectively the allusive set expression cakesandale, and the terms multilateralforce and commander - in - chief.

Other stylistic devices are not infrequent in headlines, as for example, the pun (e.g., 'And what about Watt ' — TheObserver ), alliteration (e.g. Miller in Maniac Mood — TheObserver ), etc.

The basic language peculiarities of headlines, however, lie in their structure. Syntactically headlines are very short sentences or phrases of a variety of patterns:

a) Full declarative sentences, e. g. 'They Threw Bombs on Gipsy Sites' ( MorningStar ), 'Allies Now Look to London' ( TheTimes ).

b) Interrogative sentences, e.g., 'Do you love war?' ( DailyWorld ), 'Who has never had it so good?' ( DailyWorker ).

c) Nominative sentences, e.g., 'Gloomy Sunday' ( TheGuardian ), 'Atlantic Sea Traffic' ( TheTimes ), 'Union, peace plan for Girling stewards' ( MorningStar ).

d) Elliptical sentences:

a. with an auxiliary verb omitted, e.g., 'Initial reportnotexpected until June' ( TheGuardian ), ' Yachtsmanspotted ' ( MorningStar ), 'South Vietnamese CompanyWipedOut by Guerrillas' ( TheNewYorkHeraldTribune );

b. with the subject omitted, e.g., ' Stole luxury cars by photo' ( DailyWorker ), ' Fell 4 floors and walkedin at a door' ( DailyWorker );

c. with the subject and part of the predicate omitted, e.g., ' Off to the sun' ( MorningStar ), ' Still in danger' ( TheGuardian ).

e) Sentences with articles omitted, e.g., ' Frogman finds girl in river' ( DailyWorker ), 'Staff join teach-in by Bristol students' ( MorningStar ), 'Adenauer Gives View On Erhard' ( NewYorkHeraldTribune ). Articles are very frequently omitted in all types of headlines.

f) Phrases with verbals:

a. infinitive, e.g., ' Toget US aid' ( MorningStar ), ' Tovisit Faisal' ( MorningStar );

b. participial and gerundial, e.g., ' Keeping Prices Down' ( TheTimes ), ' Preparing reply on cold war' ( MorningStar ), ' Speaking parts' ( TheSundayTimes ), 'Club stabbing ' ( DailyWorker ).

g ) Questions in the form of statements, e.g., 'The worse the better?' ( DailyWorld ), 'Growl now, smile later?' ( TheObserver ).

h) Complex sentences, e.g., ' SenatePanelHearsBoardofMilitary Experts WhoFavouredLosingBidder ' ( TheNewYorkTimes ), 'US Newsman Declares HeHelpedBombHavana ' ( NewYorkHeraldTribune ).

i) Headlines including direct speech:

a. introduced by a full sentence, e.g. ' PrinceRichardsays: "I was not in trouble'" ( TheGuardian ), 'What Oils the Wheels of Industry? AsksJamesLowery - OlearchoftheShell - MexandB. P. Group ' ( TheTimes );

b. introduced elliptically, e.g., 'City idiots are the people's enemies — MF ' ( MorningStar ), ' TheQueene: "My deep distress'" ( TheGuardian ), 'Observe Mid-East Ceasefire— UThant ' ( MorningStar ).

The above-listed patterns, though they are the most typical, do not cover the great variety in headline structure.

The headline in British and American newspapers is an important vehicle of both information and appraisal, and editors give it special attention, admitting that few read beyond the headline,or at best the lead. To lure the reader into going through the whole of the item ok, at least a greater part of it, takes a lot of skill and ingenuity on the part of the headline writer.

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