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RADIATION THERAPY

1. Ionising radiation is the transmission of energy by electromagnetic waves (e.g., X-rays) or by particles such as electrons, neutrons, or protons. Interaction with tissue produces free radicals and oxidants that damage or break cellular DNA, leading to cell death. When used properly, radiation may cause less damage than surgery and can often preserve organ structure and function.

2. The type of radiation used depends on the radiosensitivity of the tumour and which healthy organs are within the radiation field. High-energy sources, such as linear accelerators, deposit their energy at a greater depth, sparing the skin but treating the deep-seated tumour. Electron-beam radiation has low penetration and is useful in treating some skin cancers. Healthy organs have varying tolerance thresholds to radiation, bone marrow being the most sensitive and skin the least. The nervous system can tolerate much more radiation than the lungs or kidneys.

3. Radiation therapy can also be palliative if a cure is not possible; the size of the tumour can be reduced, thereby relieving pain or pressure on adjacent vital structures. It also can shrink a tumour to allow better drainage of an area, such as the lung, which can help to prevent infection and decrease the chance of bleeding. Radioactive implants in the form of metal needles or "seeds" are used to heat some cancers, such as those of the prostate and uterine cervix. They can deliver high doses of radiation directly into the tumour with less effect on distant tissues.

4. An organ can also be irradiated by the ingestion of a radioactive substance. The drawback to this procedure is the difficulty in calculating the correct dose. Irradiation is less effective in treating tissues that are poorly oxygenated (hypoxic) because of inadequate blood supply than it is in treating those that are well oxygenated. Some drugs enhance the toxic effect of radiation on tumour cells, especially those that are hypoxic.

Определите, являются ли утверждения:

32. IRRADIATION IS MORE EFFECTIVE IN TREATING TISSUES THAT ARE WELL OXYGENATED.

1) в тексте нет информации

2) ложным

3) истинным

33. INTERACTING WITH TISSUE IONISING RADIATION CAUSES CELL DEATH.

1) истинным

2) в тексте нет информации

3) ложным

34. RADIOACTIVE IMPLANTS CAN DELIVER HIGH DOSES OF RADIATION DIRECTLY INTO THE TUMOUR WITH MORE EFFECT ON DISTANT TISSUES.

1) в тексте нет информации

2) ложным

3) истинным

35. THE IMPORTANCE OF NUCLEAR GENETIC MATERIAL DNA IN REGULATING THE CELL'S PROTEIN PRODUCTION IS EVIDENT.

1) истинным

2) в тексте нет информации

3) ложным

Text 6

HOSPITALS

1. A hospital is an institution that is built, staffed, and equipped for the identification (diagnosis) of disease; for the treatment, both medical and surgical, of the sick and the injured; and for their housing during this process. The modern hospital also often serves as a centre for investigation and for teaching. To better serve the wide-ranging needs of the community, the modern hospital has often developed outpatient facilities, as well as emergency, psychiatric, and rehabilitation services.

2. Hospitals have long existed in every civilised country. The developing countries, which contain a large proportion of the world's population, do not have enough hospitals, equipment, and trained staff, and, by the standards of the industrialised countries, the hospitals that do exist are poorly equipped to handle the volume of people who need care. These people, then, do not always receive the benefits of modern medicine, public health measures, or hospital care, and they generally have lower life expectancies.

3. In the developed countries the hospital as an institution is becoming more complex as modern technology increases the range of diagnostic capabilities and expands the possibilities for treatment. As a result of the greater range of services and the more involved treatment and surgery available, the ratio of staff to patient has increased and a more highly trained staff is required.

4. During recent years a combination of medicine and engineering has produced a vast array of new instrumentation, much of which requires a hospital setting for its use. Hospitals thus are becoming more expensive to run, and health service administrators are increasingly concerned with the question of cost-effectiveness.

Определите, являются ли утверждения:

40. TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES MAKE HOSPITAL RUNNING MORE EXPENSIVE.

1) в тексте нет информации

2) ложным

3) истинным

41. THERE IS AN URGENT NECESSITY IN A HIGHLY QUALIFIED PERSONNEL IN HOSPITALS.

1) ложным

2) в тексте нет информации

3) истинным

42. IN THE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES EVERYONE IN NEED IS PROVIDED WITH HOSPITAL CARE.

1) в тексте нет информации

2) истинным

3) ложным

43. HEALTH IS A STATE OF COMPLETE PHYSICAL, MENTAL AND SOCIAL WELL-BEING.

1) истинным

2) в тексте нет информации

3) ложным

Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:

44. HOSPITALS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES SUFFER FROM VARIOUS DIFFICULTIES.

1) 3

2) 4

3) 1

4) 2

45. MODERN HOSPITALS GIVE OPPORTUNITIES FOR INVESTIGATION AND TEACHING.

1) 2

2) 4

3) 1

4) 3

46. ОТВЕТЬТЕ НА ВОПРОС:

WHAT IS SPECIAL ABOUT HOSPITALS?

1) Hospitals are equipped with laboratory facilities.

2) Only the injured can be cured there.

3) They deliver only emergency services.

4) Sick people can stay there for the period of treatment.

47. ОПРЕДЕЛИТЕ ОСНОВНУЮ ИДЕЮ ТЕКСТА

1) Every civilised country has hospitals.

2) The question of cost-effectiveness for hospital administration is
vital.

3) There is a wide range of health care needs in any community.

4) Hospitals are important health service institutions.

Text 7

CLINICS

1. A clinic is an organised medical service offering diagnostic, therapeutic, or preventive treatment to ambulatory patients. Often in Europe and occasionally in the United States the term covers the entire teaching centre, including the hospital and the ambulatory-patient facilities. The medical care offered by a clinic may or may not be connected with a hospital. The term "clinic" may be used to designate all the activities of a general clinic or only a particular division of the work; e.g., the psychiatric clinic, neurology clinic, or surgery clinic. The entire activity when connected with a hospital is called the outpatient department, and the specific subdivisions are referred to as clinics.

2. The first clinic in the English-speaking world, the London Dispensary, was foundedin 1696 as a central means of dispensing medicines to the sick poor whom the physicians were treating in the patients' homes. The New York City, Philadelphia, and Boston dispensaries, founded in 1771, 1786, and 1796, respectively, had the same objective. Later, for the sake of convenience, physicians began to treat their free patients at the dispensary. The number of such clinics did not increase rapidly, and as late as 1390 only 132 were operating in the United States.

3. During the late 1800s the modem concept of a hospital began to take shape. During this period some of the hospitals connected with medical schools inaugurated outpatient departments for the purposes of teaching and charity. The advantages of providing ambulatory care close to the facilities of a hospital became apparent, and such hospital clinics multiplied rapidly.

4. The organisation of a hospital clinic in general follows that of the inpatient facilities. Hospital clinics are primarily concerned with acute diseases, and the physicians in the clinics are usually the same physicians who heat inpatients in the hospital.

Определите, являются ли утверждения:

48. THE FIRST CLINIC IN THE ENGLISH-SPEAKING COUNTRIES WAS FOUNDED IN THE XVII^TH CENTURY.

1) ложным

2) в тексте нет информации

3) истинным

49. THE PHYSICIANS IN THE CLINICS AND IN THE HOSPITAL ARE USUALLY THE SAME SPECIALISTS.

1) ложным

2) истинным

3) в тексте нет информации

50. THE PHYSICIANS OF THE LONDON DISPENSARY WERE TREATING THEIR PATIENTS IN THE CLINIC.

1) ложным

2) истинным

3) в тексте нет информации

51. PRACTICALLY ALL CLINICS CHARGE A SMALL REGISTRATION FEE IF THE PATIENT IS ABLE TO PAY.

1) в тексте нет информации

2) ложным

3) истинным

Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:

52. THE FIRST AMERICAN CLINICS WERE ESTABLISHED IN THE XVIII^TH CENTURY.

1) 4

2) 3

3) 1

4) 2

53. THE NUMBER OF HOSPITAL CLINICS GREW RAPIDLY BECAUSE OF THE CONVENIENCE OF PROVIDING AMBULATORY CARE CLOSE TO THE FACILITIES OF A HOSPITAL.

1) 4

2) 2

3) 1

4) 3

54. ОТВЕТЬТЕ НА ВОПРОС:

WHAT DOES THE TERM "CLINIC" MEAN?

1) It denotes a specific subdivision of a hospital for treating
outpatients.

2) It is a facility for diagnosis and treatment of inpatients.

3) It is a class of medical institution in which patients are
examined and discussed.

4) It means a group meeting devoted to the acquiring of specific
skills or knowledge.

Text 8

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