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PUBLIC HEALTH CARE
1. Public health has been defined as the art and science of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting physical and mental health, sanitation, personal hygiene, control of infection, and organisation of health services. From the normal human interactions there has emerged a recognition of the importance of community action in the promotion of health and the prevention and treatment of disease. 2. The practice of public health chaws heavily on medical science and philosophy and concentrates especially on manipulating and controlling the environment for the benefit of the public. It is concerned therefore with housing, water supplies, and food. Public health medicine is a part of the greater enterprise of preserving and improving the public health. Occupational medicine is concerned with the health, safety, and welfare of people in the workplace. Its aim is to reduce the risks in the environment in which people work. 3. The venture of preserving, maintaining, and actively promoting public health requires special methods of information-gathering (epidemiology) and corporate arrangements to act upon significant findings and put them into practice. Statistics collected by epidemiologists attempt to describe and explain the occurrence of disease in a population by correlating factors such as diet, environment, radiation, or cigarette smoking with the incidence and prevalence of disease. 4. The government, through laws and regulations, creates agencies to oversee and formally inspect such things as water supplies, food processing, sewage treatment, drains, air contamination, and pollution. Governments are also concerned with the control of epidemic infections by means of enforced quarantine and isolation - for example, the health control that takes place at seaports and airports in an attempt to assure that infectious diseases are not brought into a country. Определите, являются ли утверждения: 63. HEALTH CONTROL AT AIRPORTS IS A PREVENTIVE MEASURE AGAINST BRINGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES INTO A COUNTRY. 1) в тексте нет информации 2) истинным 3) ложным
64. GOVERNMENT AGENCIES INSPECT WATER SUPPLIES, AIR CONTAMINATION, AND POLLUTION. 1) ложным 2) в тексте нет информации 3) истинным
65. OCCUPATIONAL MEDICINE IS AIMED AT REDUCING THE RISKS IN THE ENVIRONMENT IN WHICH PEOPLE LIVE. 1) истинным 2) ложным 3) в тексте нет информации
66. THERE ARE STILL MANY PROBLEMS TO BE SOLVED IN THE SPHERE OF PUBLIC HEALTH. 1) истинным 2) ложным 3) в тексте нет информации Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация: 67. GOVERNMENTS PLAY AN IMPORTANT PART IN THE SYSTEM OF CONTROL OF EPIDEMIC INFECTIONS. 1) 4 2) 1 3) 3 4) 2
68. THE ENVIRONMENT IN WHICH PEOPLE WORK IS A CONCERN OF PUBLIC HEALTH MEDICINE. 1) 1 2) 3 3) 4 4) 2
69. ОТВЕТЬТЕ НА ВОПРОС: WHAT INFORMATION DO EPIDEMIOLOGISTS PROVIDE? 1) Statistics collected by epidemiologists explain how to put 2) They use statistics to provide special diets for the population. 3) They provide data for government through laws and 4) They collect data and try to explain the relationship between a
70. ОПРЕДЕЛИТЕ ОСНОВНУЮ ИДЕЮ ТЕКСТА 1) Medicine is involved in improving the health, safety, and 2) The art and science of public health deals with preserving, 3) Public health is concerned with housing, water supplies, and 4) Governments are responsible for public health in their Text 10 THERAPEUTICS 1. Therapeutics is treatment and care of a patient for the purpose of both preventing and combating disease or alleviating pain or injury. The term comes from the Greek "therapeutikos", which means "inclined to serve." In a broad sense therapeutics means serving and caring for the patient in a comprehensive manner, preventing disease as well as managing specific problems. 2. Exercise, diet, and mental factors are therefore integral to the prevention, as well as the management, of disease processes. More specific measures that are employed to treat specific symptoms include the use of drugs to relieve pain or treat infection, surgery to remove diseased tissue or replace poorly functioning or nonfunctioning organs with frilly operating ones, and counseling or psychotherapy to relieve emotional distress. Confidence in the physician and in the method selected enhances effectiveness. 3. Disease is a harmful deviation from the normal structural or functional state of an organism. A diseased organism commonly exhibits signs or symptoms indicative of its abnormal state. Thus, the normal condition of an organism must be understood in order to recognize the hallmarks of disease. Nevertheless, a sharp demarcation between disease and health is not always apparent. 4. The study of disease is called pathology. It involves the determination of the cause (etiology) of the disease, the understanding of the mechanisms of its development (pathogenesis), the structural changes associated with the disease process (morphological changes), and the functional consequences of these changes. Correctly identifying the cause of a disease is necessary to identifying the proper course of treatment. Humans, animals, and plants are all susceptible to diseases of some sort. However, that which disrupts the normal functioning of one type of organism may have no effect on the other types. Определите, являются ли утверждения: 71. BOTH ANIMALS AND PLANTS ARE ALWAYS EXPOSED TO DISEASES. 1) в тексте нет информации 2) ложным 3) истинным
72. IT'S MUCH EASIER TO TREAT THE DISEASE WHEN THE CAUSE OF IT IS KNOWN. 1) в тексте нет информации 2) ложным 3) истинным
73. POST-OPERATIVE THERAPY MAY INCLUDE SUCH TREATMENT AS CHEMOTHERAPY OR RADIATION THERAPY. 1) ложным 2) истинным 3) в тексте нет информации
74. MEDICINE IS THE SCIENCE CONCERNED WITH THE MAINTENANCE OF HEALTH AND THE PREVENTION, ALLEVIATION, OR CURE OF DISEASE. 1) ложным 2) истинным 3) в тексте нет информации Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация: 75. PATHOLOGY DETERMINES STRUCTURAL CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH THE DISEASE PROCESS. 1) 1 2) 4 3) 2 4) 3
76. EFFECTIVE TREATMENT DEPENDS ON THE CONFIDENCE OF A PATIENT IN THE PHYSICIAN AND IN THE METHOD SELECTED. 1) 2 2) 4 3) 1 4) 3
77. ОТВЕТЬТЕ НА ВОПРОС: WHY IS IT IMPORTANT TO UNDERSTAND THE NORMAL CONDITION OF AN ORGANISM? 1) It is necessary for managing specific problems. 2) It is necessary for recognizing the symptoms of a disease. 3) It is necessary for treating specific symptoms. 4) It is necessary for removing diseased tissue.
78. ОПРЕДЕЛИТЕ ОСНОВНУЮ ИДЕЮ ТЕКСТА 1) Diet plays an important part in prevention of diseases. 2) The word "therapeutics" is of Greek origin. 3) The concepts "disease" and "health" differ from each other. 4) The scope of studies of therapeutics is very broad.
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