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Pronunciation Drill 2. While reading, these words pay attention to the stress markings:

While reading, these words pay attention to the stress markings:

Complex surround element intensive

aspect advance everywhere however

human allow afterwards discover

TEXT 2

FROM THE HISTORY OF ELECTRONICS

1. The realm of electronics of to-day influences almost
every aspect of human activity, while it was only in the be­
ginning of our century that the basic idea, which was to dev­
elop into one of the most astonishing sciences of our time,
was conceived. It was our Russian scientist A. S. Popov,
who discovered the principle of wireless communication that
finally led to the development of electronic tubes for use in
various communication devices.

2. In 1904 D. A. Flemming suggested a two-element tube
(two-electrode tube), and in 1907 De Frost invented a three-
electrode one. For a long time afterwards electronics was
used only for the purpose of communication and for ensuring
amplification and transformation of various signals in ap­
plied sciences.

3. Intensive development of radio-location began in the early forties. All these years the vacuum tube was the heart of electronics and, hence, the field of electronics was usually defined as the study of the motion of electrons in vacuum tubes. However, it was found that small, controlled quantities of gas introduced into a "vacuum tube" could make it per­form switchings, rectifying and other jobs. To include the category of gas-filled tubes, "vacuum tubes" became convert-

ed to "electron tubes" and the science; of electronics was expanded to include the study of electron motion in gases.

4. The first semiconductor triode was invented in 1948.
It meant another important advance in the development of
electronics. Semiconductors possess а number of valuable
advantages over electron vacuum tubes, miniature di­
mensions and high reliability. Thus electronics became the
study of electron motion in solids. The realm of electronics
widened still more. This opened up oilier fields of applica­
tion for electronics.

5. The rapid growth of computer technology gave birth
to¹ numerous types and models of electronic devices and com­
puters, capable of performing highly complex mathematical
calculations in a fraction of a second.

6. The last decade witnessed another stage in the develop­
ment of electronics. Integrated circuits came into being.²
Their application allowed engineers to reduce the dimensions
of electronic devices and increase their reliability.

1800 Commentary

1. The rapid growth of computer technology gave birth
to —• Быстрый рост вычислительной техники вызвал соз­
дание

2. came into being — появились

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