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Смысловой модуль 13. Введение в неврологию. Анатомия спинного мозга

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ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ

Нервная система (systema nervosum) является одной из интеграционных систем, обеспечивающих регуляцию целостного организма. Этот механизм осуществляется совокупностью реакций нервной системы, направленных на обеспечение оптимального уровня жизнедеятельности, поддержание гомеостаза и взаимодействия организма с окружающей средой, создание интелектуального потенциала.

При изучении анатомии нервной системы важно получить представление о точной локализации отдельных структурных образований, так как эти знания являются основой топической диагностики при заболеваниях нервной системы.

Всякий организм – одноклеточный или многоклеточный – может существовать в определенных условиях, предоставляемых ему той средой обитания, к которой данный вид приспособился на пути своего развития. Функции организма могут нормально осуществляться лишь при условии адекватного взаимодействия живых структур различного уровня сложности, начиная от одноклеточных и вплоть до целого организма, с постоянно меняющимися условиями внешней и внутренней среды. Для этих целей в каждом живом организме сформировалась сложная система саморегуляции функций, обеспечивающая как сохранение его устойчивости, так и приспособительную изменчивость – адаптацию к различным условиям обитания.

Существует несколько уровней (контуров) регуляции: внутриклеточный, межклеточный, внутриорганный, внутри- и межсистемный. Между этими контурами отмечается тесное взаимодействие, в основе которого лежит иерархия каждого из них (подчинение нижележащих вышележащим). Все уровни регуляции базируются на двух механизмах: гуморальном (более древнем) и нервном (эволюционно более молодом).

На основе существующего с начала XIX столетия разделения функций организма на анимальные (соматические) и растительные (вегетативные), нервную систему также делят на два отдела: соматический и вегетативный.

Соматическая (анимальная) нервная система обеспечивает двигательные реакции скелетной мускулатуры и восприятие рздражений из внешней среды.

Вегетативная (автономная) нервная система иннервирует гладкую мускулатуру всех органов, сердце и железистый эпителий, обеспечивает трофическую иннервацию скелетной мускулатуры, рецепторов и самой нервной системы, отвечает за нервную регуляцию внутренней среды организма. В сравнении с анимальной, имеющей относительно ограниченную область распространиения (исчерченные мышцы и органы чувств), вегетативная нервная система повсеместно распространена в организме, обеспечивая адаптационно-трофическую функцию.

В основе данного учебного пособия лежит краткое обобщенное описание анатомии центральных и периферических отделов нервной системы, с привлечением современных сведений о функциональном значении каждой структуры, что обеспечит студентам более полное усвоение теоретического материала. В пособии также представлены разделы фило- и онтогенеза, возрастных особенностей, вариантов и аномалий развития различных отделов как анимальной, так и вегетативной нервной системы, что в дальнейшем, при изучении клинических дисциплин, позволит студентам более глубоко изучать вопросы патогенеза различных заболеваний. В таком же аспекте в пособии освещены вопросы анатомии органов чувств, что объясняется общностью развития и тесным взаимодействием этих двух систем. Отдельный раздел издания составляют частные вопросы кровоснабжения, венозного и лимфатического оттока, иннервации отдельных органов, поданых по топографическому принципу.

Для организации самостоятельной работы студентов мы подаем рабочую программу третьего модуля, задания для индивидуальной работы, интеграционные схемы. Проконтроллировать уровень усвоения материала помогут вопросы итогового контроля и набор ситуационных задач из базы данных «КРОК-1».

Авторы надеются на реальную пользу для студентов и преподавателей от работы с оригинальным пособием по важнейшей интеграционной системе организма и будут благодарны за высказанные замечания, дополнения, пожелания.

Профессор В.С. Пикалюк.

I. рабочая программа третьего модуля

(Анатомия нервной системы и органов чувств)

тематический план лекций

Тема 16. Введение в неврологию. Спинной мозг.

Тема 17. Обзор головного мозга. Ствол головного мозга, мозжечок. Ретикулярная формация.

Тема 18. Конечный мозг. Динамическая локализация функций в коре полушарий. Оболочки мозга. Пути циркуляции спинномозговой жидкости. Лимбическая система.

Тема 19. Проводящие пути головного и спинного мозга.

Тема 20. Функциональная анатомия органов чувств. Проводящие пути специальной чувствительности.

Тема 21. Функциональная анатомия периферического отдела соматической нервной системы. Спинномозговые нервы.

Тема 22. Черепные нервы.

Тема 23. Обзор автономной (вегетативной) нервной системы.

Тема 24. Вегетативная иннервация органов.

Тема 25. Анатомо-топографические принципы кровоснабжения и иннервации организма человека.

тематический план практических занятий

Смысловой модуль 13. Введение в неврологию. Анатомия спинного мозга

Тема 1. Анатомия спинного мозга. Оболочки спинного мозга, межоболочечные пространства.

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