АкушерствоАнатомияАнестезиологияВакцинопрофилактикаВалеологияВетеринарияГигиенаЗаболеванияИммунологияКардиологияНеврологияНефрологияОнкологияОториноларингологияОфтальмологияПаразитологияПедиатрияПервая помощьПсихиатрияПульмонологияРеанимацияРевматологияСтоматологияТерапияТоксикологияТравматологияУрологияФармакологияФармацевтикаФизиотерапияФтизиатрияХирургияЭндокринологияЭпидемиология

Economic reforms in Ukraine

Ukraine has a developed economy with strong industry and agriculture. Ukraine is a major producer of iron and steel, machines, ships, chemical fertilizers, grain, sugar beets, dairy products, meat and wine. In the 1990’s Ukraine began changing its economy from one owned and controlled by the government to aneconomy based on free enterprise. In this kind of economy, individual owners and managers run their own businesses.

However, the nation lacks the modern technology and equipment in its factories and on its farms. About two-fifth of Ukraine's people work in industry, and about a fifth work in agriculture. Most other Ukrainians have jobs in such service industries as education and health care.

Ukraine's heavy industries produce iron and steel and such machines as tractors, machine tools, and mining equipment. Ukraine also produces automobiles, trucks, buses, locomotives and railway cars, airplanes, and ships. Many of Ukraine's heavy industries are the Donbas region, near mines that supply raw materials.

Ukraine also manufactures chemical fertilizers, fertilizer sugar, and canned foods. Ukraine is a producer of consumer foods, including TV-sets washing machines, refrigerators, clothes and shoes.

Ukraine is famous for its agricultural production and is known as the breadbasket of Europe. Its modern climate and rich black soils, called chernozem, have made the world’s most productive farming regions. Ukraine ranks among the leading countries in the production of sugar beets and wheat. Other important crops include barley, corn, potatoes, sunflowers, and tobacco. Ukrainian farmers also raise beef, diary cattle and hogs. Near cities, farmers often grow fruits and vegetables to sell at markets.

Ukraine is a leading producer of manganese, which is used in making steel the country also producer nickel and titanium. Huge coal deposit lie in the Donbas, the center of Ukraine’s heavy industry. Ukraine also mines iron ore, natural gas, and salt.

Coal, natural gas, and petroleum have long been important sources f electric power in Ukraine. The country also has hydroelectric plants located mainly on the Dnieper River.

During the 1980’s, nuclear power plants began providing an important new source of energy. Today, these plants produce about a fourth of Ukraine's electricity. Many Ukrainians, however, oppose the use nuclear energy because of an accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in north-central Ukraine in 1986.

Ukraine imports much oil and natural gas from Russia and Tajikistan. In, Ukraine signed an agreement with Iran to build a pipeline through Azerbaijan to bring Iranian oil and gas to Ukraine.

Ukraine has a well-developed transportation system. Most of them is oned by the government. Ukraine's highways include about 147, 000 km of paved roads. About a third of Ukraine’s people own automobiles or motorcycles. Buses and taxis are common in larger cites. Kyiv and Kharkiv have subway systems. A large railroad network connects major cities and industrial centers.

Ukraine's chief airports are at Borispol, near Kyiv, at Kharkiv and Odessa. Major ports include Illichevsk, Kerch, Kherson, Mariupol, Mykolayiv, Odessa, Sevastopol and Yalta.

Ukrainian newspapers are privately owned. Leading daily papers include Pravda Ukrainy / Truth of Ukraine /, Rabochaya Gazeta / Worker Newspaper /, Silski Visti / Country News / and Vilna Ukraina / Free Ukraine /.

Service industries employ more than a forth of Ukraine’s workers. The country’s chief services industries include education, scientific research and engineering, hearth care, transportation, and trade.

Ukraine's chief exports are wheat, sugar beets, coal, construction equipment,manufactured goods. Ukraine imports oil, natural gas, wood products, rubber, and consumer goods. Ukraine's major trading partners include Canada, Germany, Hungary, Iran, Poland, Russia, and Tajikistan.

Answer the following questions:

1. What. country is the main producer of iron and steel?

2. What does the nation lack?

3. In what sectors do most Ukrainians work?

4. Is Ukraine famous for its agricultural production?

5. Describe important crops in Ukraine.

6. Where do huge coal deposits lie?

7. What did nuclear plants begin providing?

8. Why do many Ukrainians oppose the use of nuclear energy?

9. What is the distance of Ukraine’s highways?

10. Are Ukrainian newspapers privately or state owned?

11. What does Ukraine import?

Дата добавления: 2015-09-18 | Просмотры: 756 | Нарушение авторских прав