THE ADVERBIAL MODIFIER
| No
| Type of Adverbial Modifier
| Questions/ Prompts
| Examples
| |
| Place
· direction
· destination
· distance
| Where?
Where to?
How far?
Where from?
| · In London they stayed at their friends’.
· He moved from Glasgow to London in search of a job.
· Their search took them far inland.
| |
| Time
· time
· frequency
· duration
· time relationship
| When?
How often?
How long?
| · In the evening it still rained.
· We met only from time to time.
· They’ve been friends for years.
· Have you done it yet?
| |
| Manner
| How? In what way? By what means?
prepositions and conjunctions:
with; without; by; by means of; with the help of; so; like this/that; thus
| · Tessa walked with quick short steps.
· Debby looks very much like her mother.
· Jessica sang badly at the concert yesterday.
· The blocks are raised by means of pulleys.
| |
| Cause / reason
| Why? For what reason?
prepositions:
because of; thanks to; due to; owing to; on account of; for the reason of
| · He had to retire because of ill health.
· Some ski resorts opened early, thanks to a late-October snowstorm.
· The tower is closed for reasons of safety.
| |
| Purpose
| What for? For what purpose?
prepositions:
in order to; so as; for
| · Samuel trained every day in order to improve his performance.
· I drove at a steady 50 mph so as to save fuel.
· I reserved this place for you to sit closer to me.
| |
| Result / consequence
| No identifying questions. It is usually expressed by the infinitive or an infinitive phrase. Very often used with adverbs of degree such as “too; enough; so… as”
| · The apples are not ripe enough to eat.
· We are too clever to believe him.
· He was so fortunate as to get the first prize.
| |
| Condition
| In what case? On what condition?
prepositions and conjunctions:
but for; except for; without; ‘if; unless
| · Unless some extra money is found, the theatre will close.
· I might never have got to university but for you.
· She felt fine except for being a little tired.
· Without faith there can be no cure.
| |
| Concession
| In spite of what?
prepositions and conjunctions:
in spite of; despite; for all; with all; ‘thought ’
| · Despite all our efforts to save the school, the authorities decided to close it.
· Though she's almost 40, she still plans to compete.
· Clearly, for all his reputation, he was out of date.
· With all his faults, I love him.
| |
| Attendant circumstances and subsequent events
| No identifying questions.
It expresses some fact that accompanies the event presented by the modified part of the sentence.
| · He sat quietly in his armchair smoking his pipe. (attendant circumstances - He sat and smoke)
· Fred said something to her, receiving no answer. (subsequent events – He said something to her but only after that did not receive any answer.)
| |
| Comparison
(may overlap with other adverbilas like manner or purpose)
| No identifying questions.
conjunctions:
than; as … as; as if; as though; like”
| · Jason is much taller than his father.
· His hands were as black as soot.
· She behaves as if she were a child.
· He speaks German like a native speaker.
| |
| Degree and measure
| How much?
How long?
To what extent?
To what degree?
| · The girl was very excited.
· It is pretty much the same story I’ve heard.
· It is rather problematic.
· Now you may laugh to your heart’s content.
| |
| Exception
| Except what?
prepositions:
but, but for, save for; except for, apart from
| · We had nothing but hope.
· They bought everything except cheese.
· Apart from the ending, it's a really good film.
· Everyone went out except for Scott and Dan.
· She answered all the questions save one. (formal)
| TASK 12. Find adverbial modifiers in the given sentences and comment on them.
1. The people in the bus remained silent till the end of the ride.
2. In spite of their lively talk, each of them had something in reserve.
3. The lady lived in a large gloomy house in one of London's higher class squares.
4. The fire that was merrily burning in the grate attracted the newcomers like a magnet.
5. Bill was much too exhausted from his night vigil to be of any further help.
6. I paused while she took off her coat
7. The room was empty save for a small boy playing with his toys in a corner.
8. But for sheer coincidence, you would hardly be likely to run across him in this busy place.
9. The motorcycle rushed past like a lightning leaving a cloud of smoke and a few stunned passers-by behind.
10. In case of any emergency, press the red button on your right.
11. Poetry lifts the veil from the hidden beauty of the world, and makes familiar objects be as if they were not familiar. (Percy Bysshe Shelley)
12. The wisest mind has something yet to learn. (George Santayana)
13. Learning without thought is labor lost; thought without learning is perilous. (Confucius)
14. Harry had been looking forward to learning to fly more than anything else.
15. She came out into the garden only to find that it was as hot there as inside.
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