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Parts of Speech

All parts of speech in English are grouped in different types of classes. This classification is based on three main principles:

· their grammatical meaning

· their form

· their syntactical characteristics

Grammarians distinguish between notional and functional (structural) parts of speech. Notional parts of speech denote extralinguistic phenomena such as things, actions, qualities, emotions etc, while functional denote linguistic phenomena either expressing relations between words or sentences or emphasizing their meaning.

The notional parts of speech include:

1. the noun
2. the verb
3. the adjective
4. the adverb
5. the adlink (stative)
6. the pronoun
7. the numeral
8. the modal words
9. the interjection

The functional (structural) parts of speech include:

1. the preposition
2. the conjunction
3. the article
4. the particle

Note:

1. The particle is a part of speech, which can emphasise, limit or intensify the meaning of the word, e.g.

She is a student too. He is only a schoolboy. He is just the person I need.

1. The adlink denotes a temporary state of a person or thing, e.g.

When I looked into the room, the child was still awake.

I am afraid to stay at home alone.

Note that some grammarians claim that adlinks start only with the prefex ‘a’, e.g. ablaze, afloat etc.

1. Modal words express the speaker’s evaluation of the relation between the statement made in the sentence and reality, e.g. certainly, of course, perhaps, unfortunately, etc, e.g.

I will certainly come tomorrow. Perhaps, she is ill.

1. The numeral denotes an abstract number or the order of things in succession, e.g.

There were twenty students in her group. I was the third to answer at the exam.

TASK 1. Sort out the words given below according to the parts of speech they can belong to. Define what parts of speech they are.

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