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Labor and Delivery

*Progress of labor is assessed by (Dilatation of cervix)

*Types of analgesia are used during first stage of labor:

.Pethidine

.Epidural analgesia

.Cervical block

.Inhalation analgesia

*Indications of epidural anesthesia:

.Ante-partum hemorrhage

.Pulmonary disorders

.Premature delivery

.Hypertension

*The normal fetal heart rate in labor is (120-160 beats per minute)

*Causes fetal hypoxia:

.Maternal hypotension

.Uterine hyperactivity

.Occlusion of umbilical cord

.Placental insufficiency

*Causes premature delivery:

.Abruptio placenta

.Chronic hypertensive vascular disease

.Placenta previa

.Smoking

.Hyperemesis gravidarum

.First-trimester bleeding

.Multiple gestation

*Tests can be used for the diagnosis of premature rupture of membranes:

.Nitrazine test

.Ferning test

.Nile blue sulfate

.Evans blue test

*Premature ruptures of membranes risks include:

.Premature labor

.Cord prolapse

.Fetal pneumonia

.Maternal septicemia

*Prolapsed umbilical cord may occur in:

.Polyhydramnios

.Transverse lie

.Breech presentation

.Prematurity

+Best managed (C/S)

*The commonest predisposing factor of rupture of uterus is (Previous CS)

*Uterine rupture may be associated with:

.Previous cesarean section

.Myomectomy

.Administration of oxytocin or prostaglandins

.Difficult forceps delivery or intrauterine manipulation

*The most constant early symptom in uterine rupture during labor is pain

*The first sign of rupture uterus is Abdominal pain

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