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The Uro-Genital System. Excretion is usually defined as the process of ridding the body of the wastes

Excretion is usually defined as the process of ridding the body of the wastes.

The principal excretory organs in every vertebrate are two kidneys, brown in colour, and lying beneath the lumbar vertebrae. The right kidney is immovable, its lobes being so arranged that the whole organ has an oval form, but the left is, in some animals, floating and free to change its position. On the medial edge, each kidney has a depression, the Hilus¹, which luns into the Renal Artery, and from which emerges the Renal Vein, the Renal Lymph Duct and the Ureter, a delicate tube leading to the bladder. The Renal Lymph Node lies close to the artery and the Adrenal Body² lies on the anterior inner corner of the kidney.

The Adrenal Body provides a hormone Adrenalin, which when released into the blood during excitement, causes constriction of the arterioles of the skin, thus causing a sensation of cold, the erection of hair, the increase of heart beat. Adrenalin is used in medicine to produce these effects, or it can be applied locally to check bleeding by constricting the arterioles of the part.

From each kidney the ureter carries wastes, or urine, to the bladder, from which a single duct, or urethra discharges into the exterior.

The interrelated excretory and reproiductive systems of vertebrates are commonly called the urogenital system.

¹ Hilus – ворота органа

² Adrenal Body – надпочечник

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