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Приложение. Расположение нервно-лимфатических рефлексов по ЧэпменуРасположение нервно-лимфатических рефлексов по Чэпмену
Fig. 2.1 Tactile discrimination. Spatial discrimination: in the two-point test, the spatial discriminative ability of the skin is determined by measuring the minimum separable distance between two tactile point stimuli. The back of the hands, the back and legs rate low (50-100 mm). The fingertips, lips and tongue rate high in this ability (1-3 mm). Intensity discrimination: sensitive areas are also better able to discriminate differences in the intensity of tactile stimuli. Therefore, an indentation of 6 цт on the fingertip is sufficient to extract a sensation. This threshold is 4 times higher in the palm.
Fig. 2.2A, В Hand position for palpation of cardiovascular activity, inherent motion and other cranial rhythms.
Fig. 3.1 This diagram depicts some of the physical and physiologic factors that affect the thermoreceptor (TR) discharge rate and consequently the temperature sensed in an examiner's skin in contact with a patient's skin. The temperature and its rate of change of the examiner's thermoreceptors are functions of the net effects of the time that the tissues are in contact, their contact area (A), the temperatures (TBe and TBp) and volume flow rates (Ve and Vp) of blood perfusing the examiner's and patient's skin, epidermal thickness (Xe and Xp) and thermal conductivity (Ke and Kp) of both, dermal temperature (TDe and TDp) of both, as well of the net heat exchange rate (QH) between the two tissues. QH is strongly affected by the heat transfer properties of material trapped between the two skin surfaces, for example, air, water, oil, grease, hand lotion, dirt, tissue debris, fabric. [Adams et al 1982]
Fig. 3.3(A) Fingers touch each other directly over skin to be tested - very light skin contact only. (B) Pull apart to assess degree of skin elasticity - compare with neighbouring skin area.
Fig. 3.4 Testing tissue mobility by bilaterally 'pushing' skin with fingertip.
Fig. 4.1 Beal's 'springing' assessment for paraspinal facilitation rigidity associated with segmentai facilitation.
Fig. 4.2 Neuromuscular thumb technique. The operator uses the medial tip (ideally) of the thumb to sequentially 'meet and match' tissue density/tension and to insinuate the digit through the tissues seeking local dysfunction.
Fig. 4.3 Neuromuscular finger technique. The operator utilises index or middle finger, supported by a neighbouring digit (or two), to palpate and assess the tissues between the ribs for local dysfunction. This contact is used instead of the thumb if it is unable to maintain the required pressure.
Fig. 4.4 Operator using neuromuscular technique. Note position of feet; straight right arm; right hand position; thumb position.
Fig. 4.5A, В Neuromuscular technique. Illustrating position of operator and lines of application.
Fig. 4.6 Neuromuscular technique. Illustrating position of operator and lines of application.
Fig. 4.7A, В Neuromuscular technique. Illustrating position of operator and lines of application.
Fig. 4.8A, В Neuromuscular technique. Illustrating position of operator and lines of application.
А В Fig. 4.9A, В Neuromuscular technique. Illustrating position of operator and lines of application.
Fig. 4.10 Neuromuscular general abdominal technique. Lines of application.
Fig. 4.11 Illustrating trigger points and target area (shaded) in pectoralis major muscle (sternocostai fibres) and ideal palpation method in this area (as well as trapezius, sternomastoid and scalenes). a) Pincer palpation of trigger points in the sternocostai fibres of the pectoralis major muscle. b) Referred pain patterns and trigger points (A) in the left pectoralis major muscle. Solid area
Fig. 4.12 Chapman's neurolymphatic reflexes.
Fig. 4.13 Chapman's neurolymphatic reflexes.
Fig. 4.14 Chapman's neurolymphatic reflexes.
Fig. 4.15 Chapman's neurolymphatic reflexes.
Fig. 4.16 Chapman's neurolymphatic reflexes.
Fig. 4.17 Chapman's neurolymphatic reflexes.
Fig. 4.18 Assessment of 'blind'/restriction barrier with the first sign of resistance in the adductors (medial hamstrings) of the right leg. (A) The operator's perception of the transition point, where easy movement alters to demand some degree of effort, is regarded as the barrier. (B) The barrier is identified when the palpating hand notes a sense of bind in tissues which were relaxed (at ease) up to that point.
Fig. 4.19A Assessment of gastrocnemius and soleus. The sole of the foot should achieve a vertical position without effort once slack is taken out via traction on the heel.
Fig. 4.19B With the knee flexed, the same assessment is evaluating the status of soleus alone.
Fig. 4.20 In the test position, if the thigh is elevated (i.e. not parallel with the table) probable psoas shortness is indicated. The inability of the lower leg to hang more or less vertically towards the floor indicates probable rectus femoris shortness (TFL shortness can produce a similar effect).
Fig. 4.21 Assessment for shortness of TFL - modified Ober's test. When the hand supporting the flexed knees is removed the thigh should fall to the table if TFL is not short.
Яд. 4.22 Palpation assessment forquadratuslumborum overactM/, The musc/e /spa/pateC/, as is (he gfufeus medi'us, during abduction of the leg. The correct firing sequence should be jluteus, followed at around 25° elevation by quadratus. If there is an immediate 'grabbing' action)y quadratus it indicates overactivity, and therefore stress, so shortness can be assumed.
Fig. 4.24 Assessment of shortness in pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi. Visual assessment is used: if the arm on the tested side is unable to rest along its full length, shortness of pectoralis major is probable; if there is obvious deviation of the elbow laterally, probable latissimus shortening is indicated.
Fig. 4.25 Assessment of relative shortness of right side upper trapezius. The right shoulder is stabilised while the neck is side-bent to its first sign of resistance ('bind') without force. One side is compared to the other. Normal range is thought to be approximately 45°.
Fig. 4.26 Assessment of levator scapula shortness involves taking the neck into full flexion and side-bending rotation, away from the tested side, while maintaining firm shoulder pressure on the tested side to prevent this from elevating. Discomfort reported at the upper medial border of the scapula or the upper cervical spine suggests shortness in this muscle, as does nature of the resistance noted during performance of the assessment.
Fig. 5.1A Schematic representation of cranial motion. During flexion, the occiput is thought to move antero superior, which causes the sphenoid to rise at its synchondrosis. Simultaneous movement occurs in the frontal, facial and nasal bones as indicated. The extension phase of this motion involves a return to a neutral position.
Fig. 5.1 В The flexion phase of cranial motion (inhalation phase) causes the skull, as a whole, to widen and flatten.
Fig. 5.2 Schematic representation of the synchrony of motion between the sacrum and the occiput.
Fig. 5.3 Palpation for the synchrony of motion between the sacrum and the occiput.
Fig. 5.4 Palpating craniosacral rhythmic motion via the feet.
Fig. 5.5 Smith's palpation exercise to assess the interface between the physical and the 'energetic' structures of the arm.
Fig. 5.6 Low back palpation. Hands under sacrum and low back apply no pressure - contact only. Forearm resting on edge of table acts as Becker's fulcrum. Increased pressure downwards at the fulcrum enhances palpator's awareness of tissue status.
Fig. 5.7 Palpation of sacrum and pelvis. Becker's fulcrum points are the right elbow on table and contacts on anterior iliac spines with left hand/arm.
Fig. 5.8 Palpation of rib cage. Becker's fulcrums are on the operator's crossed knees and patient's anterior superior iliac spine (left).
Fig. 5.9 Palpation of cervical spine. Becker's fulcrums are forearm contacts on the table.
Special Topic Fig. 6A Traction on the sacrum (or legs) will ensure a direct pull, via the dura, on the occiput, while traction from the occiput will ensure direct pull on the sacrum via the dura.
Special Topic Fig. 6B Upledger's skill training exercise for assessment of dural restrictions. This utilises polyethylene cling film (to represent the dura) and a 'restricting' object (to represent adhesion or restriction in the dural sheath). By standing at the feet (or by using the sacrum) or the head, restrictions can be assessed via gentle and highly focused traction.
Fig. 6.1 The slump test position stretches the entire neural network from pons to feet. Note the direction of stretch of the dura mater and nerve roots. As the leg comes from position A to position B, the movement of the tibial nerve in relation to the tibia and femur is indicated by arrows. No neural movement occurs behind the knee or at levels C6, T6 or L4 ('tension' points).
Fig. 6.2 Upper limb tension test (2). Note operator's thigh depresses shoulder as the upper arm is placed in maximum internal rotation of the shoulder, elbow extension and forearm pronation as hand is also pronated and extended.
Fig. 7.1 Arrows show directions of movement, as 'ease' and 'bind' are assessed by the 'listening' hand on the spinal tissues during functional evaluation of spinal segments. Movements are: Flexion-extension Rotation left and right Side-bending left and right Translation to each side Translation forward and back Translation up and down (traction and compression).
Special Topic Fig. 8A Parallel displacement of a bone involving translatoric gliding (after Kaltenborn). One bone is moved parallel to the treatment plane until the tissues surrounding the joint are tightened (grade II) or the tissues crossing the joint are stretched (grade III).
Special Topic Fig. 8B The direction of gliding in a joint depends upon whether the surface on which movement is occurring is concave or convex. If concave gliding occurs it is in the same direction as the bone movement (left) while convex gliding occurs in the opposite direction to the movement of the bone (right).
Treatment Special Topic Fig. 8C This figure illustrates the 'convex-concave rule' in which a mobile bone moves on a fixed structure. In the left hand example the joint surface is concave (as would be the case in the tibia, ulna or a phalangeal joint). If the mobile bone was restricted in an upward direction (striped arrow) the direction in which a gliding mobilisation would be made during treatment would also be in an upward direction (as indicated by the two large arrows). In the right hand example there is a mobile bone associated with a convex surface (as in the head of the humerus, the femur or the talus). If this were restricted in an upward direction (striped arrow) the direction in which a gliding mobilisation would be made in treatment would be in a downward direction (large arrows).
Special Topic Fig. 8D Schematic representation of a range of motion indicating normal restriction barriers (anatomical and physiological) as well as a pathological barrier and a position of maximal ease. The quality of the 'end-feel' of each of these positions will vary markedly.
Fig. 8.1 Standing flexion test for iliosacral dysfunction. The restricted side is the one on which the thumb moves during flexion.
F'iff. 9.3 Operate/ adopts apos/fro/7 offering a birds-eye view of ASIS prominences on which rest the thumbs.
Fig. 8.4A The ASISs are level and there is no rotational dysfunction involving the iliosacral joints.
Fig. 8.4B The right ASIS is higher than the left ASIS. If a thumb 'travelled' on the right side during the standing flexion test this would represent a posterior right iliosacral rotation dysfunction. If a thumb 'travelled' on the left side during the test this would represent an anterior left iliosacral rotation dysfunction.
Fig. 8.4C The ASISs are equidistant from the umbilicus and the midline, and there is no iliosacral flare dysfunction.
Fig. 8.4D The ASIS on the right is closer to the umbilicus/midline which indicates that either there is a right side iliosacral inflare (if the right thumb moved during the standing flexion test), or there is a left side iliosacral outflare (if the left thumb moved during the standing flexion test).
Fig. 8.5 Palpation of retrofiexion (extension) of the thoracic spine.
Fig. 8.6 Palpation of gapping of spinous processes during flexion.
Fig. 8.7 The patient is side-bent (towards the right in this instance) over the palpating thumb which assesses the nature of the 'end-feel'. A sense of unusual 'bind' might indicate a restriction.
Fig. 8.8 Assessment ('shrug test') for restriction in clavicular mobility.
Fig. 8.9 Assessment ('prayer test') for restricted horizontal flexion of the sternoclavicular joint.
Special Topic Fig. 9A Distal phalanx position held as vertical to the palpated surface as possible, as described by Abrams, for percussion ('orthopercussion') assessment.
Special Topic Fig. 9B A finger which is to be used as a pleximeter should have the distal phalanx slightly raised (upper finger) and not resting along its length on the palpated surface (lower finger) [after Abrams]. The arrow represents the ideal point which should be struck for optimal percussion efficiency.
Fig. 9.1 Palpation of the liver (after Barral and Mercier) in which frontal, saggital and transverse planes of motion are sequentially assessed.
Special Topic Fig. 10A Location of pulses (right hand only illustrated) for assessment in Traditional Chinese Medicine.
Special Topic Fig. 10B Taking the pulse in TCM. One finger at a time would apply suitable degrees of pressure to make an assessment, superficially or at depth.
Fig. 10.1 Bring hands as close together as you can without the palms touching each other. Then bring hands apart about 5 cm. Return hands siowiy to original position. Repeat, and on each repetition separate the palms by an additional 5 cm, until they are finally 20 cm apart.
Fig. 10.2 When the hands are about 20 cm apart, slowly bring them together. Every 5 cm, test the field between your hands for a sense of bounciness or elasticity.
Fig. 10.3 Map of 'energy (or chakra) fields' of spinal region.
Fig. 11.1 Illustration of Ford's cross restriction areas.
Fig. 11.2 The hand positions which would be used in Ford's treatment of horizontal 'cross-restrictions' - (A) pelvic, (B) diaphragmatic, (C) thoracic outlet and (D) base of skull. By 'projecting' his sense of touch he palpates for 'depth, direction and duration' in order to treat these dysfunctions.
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Fig. 3.5 Assessing bilateral elasticity of skin by lifting it in folds.
