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How is Nephrolithiasis (Kidney Stones; Renal Calculi; Urinary Stones) Diagnosed?

A number of blood and urine tests, a x-ray of the abdomen

How is Nephrolithiasis (Kidney Stones; Renal Calculi; Urinary Stones) Treated?

These may include such medications as diuretics, phosphate solutions, allopurinol (for uric acid stones), antibiotics (for struvite stones), and medications that make the urine alkaline such as sodium bicarbonate or sodium citrate.

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· What are the symptoms of acute renal failure?

In the majority of cases, acute tubular necrosis is characterized by a period of oliguria and increasing clinical and chemical evidence of renal failure.Durind first few days of oliguria, the clinical picture is dominated by the underlying illness. The urine is scanty and usually bloody. Fever is uncommon after the first day or two. Leukocytosis is the rule with or without infection. Can be pulmonary edema, coma, convulsions, anemia, stric=king weight loss etc.

22.Pyelonephritis is a type of urinary tract infection (UTI) that affects one or both kidneys. Pyelonephritis is caused by a bacterium or virus infecting the kidneys

Symptoms of pyelonephritis can vary depending on a person’s age and may include the following:

· fever

· vomiting

· back, side, and groin pain

· chills

· nausea

· frequent, painful urination

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