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What is respiration? What types of respiration do you know?

Respiration is a term used to describe two different but interrelated processes:cellular and mechanical respiration.

n this chapter we will discuss the four processes of respiration. They are:

1. BREATHING or ventilation

2. EXTERNAL RESPIRATION, which is the exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between inhaled air and the blood.

3. INTERNAL RESPIRATION, which is the exchange of gases between the blood and tissue fluids.

4. CELLULAR RESPIRATION

Diseases that affect the airways include:

· Asthma: The airways are persistently inflamed, and may occasionally spasm, causing wheezing and shortness of breath.Allergies, infections, or pollution can trigger asthma's symptoms.

· Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): Lung conditions defined by an inability to exhale normally, which causes difficulty breathing.

· Chronic bronchitis: A form of COPD characterized by a chronic productivecough

· Emphysema: Lung damage allows air to be trapped in the lungs in this form of COPD. Difficulty blowing air out is its hallmark.

· Acute bronchitis: A sudden infection of the airways, usually by a virus.

· Cystic fibrosis: A genetic condition causing poor clearance of mucus from the bronchi. The accumulated mucus results in repeated lung infections.

· Pneumonia: An infection of the alveoli, usually by bacteria.

· Tuberculosis: A slowly progressive pneumonia caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

· Emphysema results from damage to the fragile connections between alveoli. Smoking is the usual cause. (Emphysema also limits airflow, affecting the airways as well.)

· Pulmonary edema: Fluid leaks out of the small blood vessels of the lung into the air sacs and the surrounding area. One form is caused by heart failure and back pressure in the lungs' blood vessels; in another form, direct injury to the lung causes the leak of fluid.

· Lung cancer has many forms, and may develop in any part of the lungs. Most often this is in the main part of the lung, in or near the air sacs. The type, location, and spread of lung cancer determines the treatment options.

· Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS): Severe, sudden injury to the lungs caused by a serious illness. Life support with mechanical ventilation is usually needed to survive until the lungs recover.

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