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What does the urinary system consist of?

The anatomical structure included in the urinary system are the kidneys, the ureters, the bladder and the urethra.

· Two kidneys. This pair of purplish-brown organs is located below the ribs toward the middle of the back. Their function is to remove liquid waste from the blood in the form of urine; keep a stable balance of salts and other substances in the blood; and produce erythropoietin, a hormone that aids the formation of red blood cells. The kidneys remove urea from the blood through tiny filtering units called nephrons. Each nephron consists of a ball formed of small blood capillaries, called a glomerulus, and a small tube called a renal tubule. Urea, together with water and other waste substances, forms the urine as it passes through the nephrons and down the renal tubules of the kidney.

· Two ureters. These narrow tubes carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. Muscles in the ureter walls continually tighten and relax forcing urine downward, away from the kidneys. If urine backs up, or is allowed to stand still, a kidney infection can develop. About every 10 to 15 seconds, small amounts of urine are emptied into the bladder from the ureters.

· Bladder. This triangle-shaped, hollow organ is located in the lower abdomen. It is held in place by ligaments that are attached to other organs and the pelvic bones. The bladder's walls relax and expand to store urine, and contract and flatten to empty urine through the urethra. The typical healthy adult bladder can store up to two cups of urine for two to five hours.

· Each kidney contains around 1 million individual nephrons, the kidneys’ microscopic functional units that filter blood to produce urine. The nephron is made of 2 main parts: the renal corpuscle and the renal tubule.

1. What factors may cause kidney diseases? Name the diseases.

Kidney disease may caused by many factors,such as injury, infection, cancer or disoders in other parts of the body

There are such kidney disease as acute renal failure, renal arterial occlusion, acute and chronic pyelonephritis, polycystic kidney etc.

The most common causes of kidney disease include diabetes, high, nephritis.,certain medications

1. What are the symptoms and signs of kidney diseases?

· puffy eyes, hands, and feet (called edema)

· high blood pressure

· fatigue

· shortness of breath

· loss of appetite

· nausea and vomiting

· thirst

· a bad taste in the mouth or bad breath

· weight loss

· generalized, persistent itchy skin

· muscle twitching or cramping

· a yellowish-brown tint to the skin

· urine that is cloudy or tea-coloured

1. How to investigate kidneys diseases?

Chemical testing of the urine detects the presence of any abnormal substances. may detect blood or white blood cells resulting from infection.

19. What may cause urinary obstruction?

A stone in the ureter may cause urinary obstruction.

· injuries such as a pelvic fracture

· cancer that spreads to your kidneys, bladder, uterus, or colon

· digestive tract diseases

· kidney stones

· blood clots

1. What are the clinical manifestations of urinary obstruction?

The urinary obstruction results in reverse pressure of the urine into the kidney, producing distention and progressive loss of function.

Complications of untreated urinary tract obstruction include:

· Infection (cystitis, pyelonephritis, abscess formation and sepsis).

· Urinary extravasation.

· Fistula formation.

· Renal insufficiency or failure.

· Bladder dysfunction.

· Pain.

Signs and symptoms of urinary obstruction include:

· Inability to pass urine (urinary retention)

· Weak stream of urine

· Blood in the urine

· Pain in either flank (side) or in the back

· Abdominal pain and/or swelling

Causes of urinary obstruction include:

· Stones (can be in the kidneys, ureter, or bladder)

· Tumor (can be anywhere in or outside the urinary tract, compressing it)

· Infection

· Blood clots

· Enlarged uterus in pregnant women

· Weak bladder that cannot push the urine out (due to certain medications or neurologic conditions)

· Abnormal congenital structures (abnormal tissue that blocks the connection between the kidney and the ureter, or within the urethra), especially seen in children

· Abnormal tissue that results from instrumentation of the urinary tract (also called strictures)

Diagnosis of urinary obstruction is

These studies include plain kidney x-rays, kidney ultrasound, CAT scan, intravenous pyelogram (IVP) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Some of these studies may require administration of oral or intravenous contrast (dye). Cystoscopy—passing a scope through the urethra into the bladder

· Ultrasound—measurement of how much urine is left in the bladder after the patient feels like the bladder has been emptied

Treatmen t of urinary obstruction depends on the cause. Passing a catheter in the bladder may be all that is needed to relieve the obstruction (a catheter is a soft tube that is inserted into the urethra). Medication can sometimes help if the obstruction is due to an infection, or sometimes in the case of an enlarged open surgery

21.Nephrolithiasis (kidney stones) is a disease affecting the urinary tract. Kidney stones are small deposits made of calcium, phosphate and other components of foods. They are a common cause of blood in urine.

Symptoms of renal stone disease may include:

· Pain: unilateral or bilateral flank or back pain. Is is normally severe and colicky (spasm-like) in nature, radiating to the pelvis, groin and/or genitals.

· Nausea,

· Vomiting,

· Urinary frequency/urgency,

· Haematuria (blood in the urine),

· Abdominal pain,

· Dysuria (painful urination),

· Nocturia (excessive at night),

· Urinary hesitancy,

· Fever,

· Chills and

· Abnormal urine color or smell.

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