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Glossary

A

Aerobic bacteria: Bacteria that require oxygen for survival.

Alimentary tract: The mucous membrane-lined tube of the digestive system through which food passes, in which digestion takes place, and from which wastes are eliminated.

Alternative restorative technique (ART): The excavation of cavitated caries lesions with hand instruments and restoration of the cavities and associate pits an fissures with a glass ionomer or dental sealant material.

Alveolar fracture: A fracture of the alveolar bone.

Alveolar process: The thickened ridge of bone that contains the tooth sockets on bones and is also referred to as the alveolar bone.

Amalgams: A commonly used dental restorative material which is a mixture of mercury with at least one other metal, such as silver, tin, copper and zinc.

Antimicrobial mouthwash: A mouthwash with antimicrobial properties.

Apex: Anatomically “the root tip” of the tooth.

Arrested root caries: Caries lesions on the root surfaces that have stopped the demineralisation process and have begun to remineralize.

Assessment: A thorough analysis of all factors of a patient or target population’s health issues.

Attached gingiva: The mucous membrane extending from the mucogingival fold to the marginal gingiva on the facial side of the alveolar process.

B

Bacterial biofilm: A biofilm is a structured community of microorganisms encapsulated within a self-developed polymeric matrix and adherent to a living or inert surface.

Biofilm: A layer of living organisms that can attach to a solid object, for instance moss or seaweed to rocks, or in a dental context, oral bacteria to the teeth.

Biopsy: The excision (removal) and microscopic examination of issue suspected of being cancerous.

Bristles: A part of the toothbrush that is often made from synthetic fibres, although natural toothbrushes are also known in many parts of the world.

Buccal: Of or pertaining to the cheek or facial area.

Buccal salivary glands: Salivary glands located within the buccal mucosa.

C

Calcium: The fifth most abundant element by mass in the human body and a major component of teeth.

Calculus: Calcified deposits on the teeth, formed by the continuous presence of dental plaque, sometimes called tartar.

Cancer: A term for diseases in which abnormal cells divide without control.

Caries: A progressive destruction of any kind of bone structure, including the skull, ribs, teeth and other bones.

Caries-free: Having no presence of caries lesions in the oral cavity.

Cariogenic: Increasing the likelihood that dental caries will develop.

Cariostatic: Acting to halt bone or tooth decay.

Cementum: The surface layer of the root of the tooth.

Cervical: The area of the tooth in between the crown and the root.

Chronic periodontitis: The most common type of periodontal disease that is characterized by progressive loss of the bone and soft tissues that surround and support your teeth.

Compliance: Willingness of a patient to follow prescribed actions.

D

Debridement: The mechanical or chemical removal of infectious or necrotic material from an inflamed or potentially inflamed area.

Defluoridation: The removal of naturally occurring fluoride in a community water supply, when the fluoride above the optimum level.

Demineralization: The loss of mineral from the tooth because of bacterial acids, acid foods (soft drinks, acid juices, etc), or even toothbrushing abrasion.

Dental plaque: A combination of bacteria, saliva and complex polysaccharides on the surface of the teeth.

Dental public health: The art and science of preventing and controlling oral diseases, with an emphasis on prevention, in the community.

Dental sealants: A liquid plastic that is placed on pits and/ or fissures of tooth surfaces and then harden to help prevent tooth demineralization.

Dentifrice: A more scientific, but less used, term for toothpaste.

E

Edentulism: Without teeth.

Endodontics: The treatment of diseased root canals.

Etiology: The cause of a disease.

F

Fluoridation: The addition of fluoride to public drinking water, most commonly called community water fluoridation.

Fluorosis: Cosmetic deviation of enamel in development because of an excessive intake of fluoride during the development periods of the primary and the permanent teeth. Depending on amount of intake, the cosmetic effect ranges from mild veining to a severe brown coloration with a pitting of the enamel.

G

Gingivitis: Inflammation and infection of the gingiva caused by dental plaque.

H

Health education: The teaching of health behaviours that bring an individual to a state of health awareness.

Health promotion: The informing and motivating of people to adopt health behaviours.

I

Implant: A metallic “root” (the implant) that is surgically inserted into the alveolus in the space of a missing tooth. Following healing, a crown is later constructed on the “root”.

Infection: The detrimental colonization of a host organism by a foreign species.

K

Keratin: A family of fibrous structural proteins.

L

Lingual: Anatomical term pertaining to the tongue.

Loss of attachment: Loss of periodontal attachment (LOA) of the tooth to the tooth socket such as in pocketing, bone loss and/ or recession.

M

Malnutrition: Not receiving adequate nutrition.

Malodour, oral: A term used for halitosis or bad breath.

Mechanical plaque control: The use of toothbrushes, dental floss, and irrigators to aid in plaque removal.

N

Non-invasive caries: The beginning stages of demineralization.

O

Oral-health self-care: Any action taken by an individual to maintain optimum oral health, including carrying out daily mechanical and chemical plaque control regimens as well as complying with recommendations by the dentist or dental hygienist.

P

Periodontium: The four anatomical structures that support the teeth including the gingival, periodontal ligament, cementum and alveolar bone.

Primary prevention: Employ strategies and agents to forestall the onset of the disease, reverse the progress of the disease or arrest the disease process before secondary preventive treatment becomes necessary and can be termed dental hygiene.

R

Root caries: caries located on the root (cementum) of a tooth, which frequently increases with age due to increased gingival recession, or exposure of root surfaces.

Root resorption: The resorption of root in to the alveolar bone.

Root-surface caries: Caries which occur on the root surface.

S

Secondary caries: Caries that develop around a restoration.

Sequelae: A pathological condition resulting from a disease, injury or other trauma.

Symptom: An abnormal function or feeling which is noticed by a patient, indicating the presence of disease.

T

Topical fluoride: Applying fluoride to teeth already present in the mouth making them more resistant to decay.

References/ Литература

1. Norman Harris. Primary Preventive Dentistry/ Norman Harris, Franklin Garcia-Godoy, Christine N. Nathe – Pearson, 2008 – 7^th edition – 552 pages

2. Virginia Evans. Enterprise Level 2(Elementary) Student’s Book/ Virginia Evans – Express Publishing, 2008 – 157 pages

3. Raymond Murphy. Essential Grammar in Use/Raymond Murphy – Cambridge University Press, 2007 – 319 pages

Электронные ресурсы

www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/

Учебное издание

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