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Reading. Multifactorial Disease Process

1 )Explain the words in bold

2) Read the text and answer the question “Why dental caries may be called a multi factorial process?”

Dental caries is one of the most common diseases in humans: caries causes pain and disability and can lead to infection, tooth loss and edentulism (loss of all teeth). Researchers have also discovered connections between chronic oral infections and other chronic diseases such as diabetes, osteoporosis, cardiovascular diseases and obesity.

Dental caries is a multifactorial diseases process. For caries to develop four conditions must occur simultaneously: (1) There must be a susceptible tooth and host; (2) cariogenic microorganisms must be present in a sufficient quantity; there must be frequent excessive consumption of refined carbohydrates; and this process must occur over a sufficiently long period of time.

When a tooth covered with cariogenic bacteria is exposed to a suitable substrate, such as a refined carbohydrate, the bacteria produce acid. If these conditions persist over a sufficiently long period of time, an incipient lesion develops. An incipient lesion is the initial stage of the tooth decay that has not penetrated the outer surface of the tooth. The lesion looks like a white spot on the enamel.

Each of these main factors includes a number of secondary factors, which can be introduced to either protect or further damage the tooth.

Grammar. Modals.

In English we use different Modals:

Have to/ must/ need to – express necessity or strict rules;

Don’t have to/ don’t need to/ needn’t – means “it’s not necessary”;

May/ can – means “it’s allowed”;

Mustn’t/ can’t – means “it/s not allowed”;

May/ could – means “it’s possible”;

Should – help you to give advice

1. a) Look at the table, make sentences using can or can’t.

Mary Jim Tom

b) Ask questions as in the example.

- Can Mary make injections?

- No, she can’t.

- Can she examine the patient?

- Yes, she can. etc.

2. Make the rules to obey in the hospital. Use the modals must (not), be (not) allowed to.

- no pets within the hospital;

- no smoking anywhere;

- no alcohol;

- visitors only during visiting hours;

- no loud sounds;

- no electrical devices.

3. Give advices about healthy oral hygiene.

ü Brush your teeth twice a day

ü Floss at least daily

ü Visit your dentist regularly

ü Make professional cleaning at least twice a year

ü Cut down the usage of sugary products

ü Use fluoride mouth rinse regularly

Ex. You should brush your teeth twice a day after meals.

Video. DENTAL CAVITY

1. Complete sentences using the words from the box. There are some odd words.

1) Dental cavity, or caries, is one of the most … of all disorders.

2) It is an infection caused by a combination of … contained in foods and bacteria that live in our ….

3) When these bacteria find carbon hydrates they … them to produce ….

4) The acid demineralised the hard parts of the … - enamel and dentin – and eventually reach the pulp chamber.

5) The bacteria are contained in a film (тонкий слой) called ….

2. Put sentences in the correct order.

1) Treatment of the caries generally consists of two steps.

2) Plaque begins to accumulate on the teeth within 20 minutes after eating.

3) The first is – removing of the decay portion of the tooth.

4) If the plaque is not removed thoroughly and routinely, tooth decay will occur.

5) The second is – rebuilding the missing tooth structure with suitable filling material.

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