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ʲвÑÏÅ
Îñíîâíàÿ
1. Ãèíåêîëîãèÿ: Ó÷åáíèê /Ë.Í. Âàñèëåâñêàÿ è äð.- 2-å èçä., äîï. è ïåðåðàá.- Ðîñòîâ -íà-Äîíó: ÔÅÍÈÊÑ 2002.- 572ñ. 618.9(02) à 49
2. Ãèíåêîëîãèÿ/ Ïîä ðåäàêöèåé Ã.Ì. Ñàâåëüåâîé, Â.Ã.Áðåóñåíêî- 3-å èçä. Èñïð., - Ì.:ÃÝÎÒÀÐ – Ìåäèà, 2005.
Äîïîëíèòåëüíàÿ
3. Ïîëÿêîâà Â.À. Ñîâðåìåííàÿ ãèíåêîëîãèÿ.-Òþìåíü: èçäàòåëüñòâî ÔÃÓÈÏÏ «Òþìåíü».- 2004. -608ñ.
4. Ãàâðèëîâ À.Ñ. Ãèïåðïëàñòè÷åñêèå ïðîöåññû. Ïðîôèëàêòèêà ðàêà ýíäîìåòðèÿ: àâòîðåô. äèñ.êàíä.ìåä.íàóê. – 2005. – 22ñ. [618.16-006 Ã12]
5. Ïðàêòè÷åñêàÿ ãèíåêîëîãèÿ. Êëèíè÷åñêèå ëåêöèè/ðåä. Â È Êóëàêîâ, ðåä Â.Í. Ïðèëåïñêàÿ. Ì.: ÌÅÄïðåññ-èíôîðì, 2006 - 736 ñ. [618.1 Ï69]
6. Êëèíè÷åñêàÿ îíêîãèíåêîëîãèÿ: ðóêîâîäñòâî äëÿ âðà÷åé/ ðåä. Â.Ï. Êîçà÷åíêî. – Ì.: Ìåäèöèíà, 2005, 376ñ. [618.11-006 Ê49]
7. Ãèíåêîëîãèÿ. Ïðàêòèêóì; Ó÷åáíîå ïîñîáèå. - Ðîñòîâ í/Ä; Êðàñíîÿðñê: Èçäàòåëüñêèå ïðîåêòû; Ôåíèêñ, 2006. - 256 ñ. [ 618(02) Ã49]
8. Ãèíåêîëîãèÿ îò ïóáåðòàòà äî ïîñòìåíîïàóçû: Ðóêîâîäñòâî äëÿ âðà÷åé/ ïîä ðåä. Ý.Ê. Àéëàìàçÿíà. – Ì. Ìåäïðåññ – èíôîðì, 2004 – 448ñ. [ 618.1 Ã49]
9. Îïóõîëè æåíñêîé ðåïðîäóêòèâíîé ñèñòåìû/ðåä Ì.È. Äàâûäîâ è äð.- Ì.:ÌÈÀ, 2007.- 376 ñ. Ýêç. 2 – ÕÐ (2) 618. 11 -006 O-62
10. Áåëÿåâ À.Ì. è äð. Âíóòðèáðþøèííàÿ õèìèîòåðàïèÿ çëîêà÷åñòâåííûõ îïóõîëåé / - Á.ì.: Ýëáè-ÑÏá (ÑÏÁ), 2007.- 254 ñ. Ýêç. 2 – ÕÐ (2). 617.56 Á 44
11. Ïîãðàíè÷íûå îïóõîëè ÿè÷íèêîâ/ Å.Ã. Íîâèêîâà, Ã.Þ. Áàòàëîâà. – Ì.: ÌÈÀ, 2007.- 152 ñ. Ýêç. 2 – ÕÐ (2). 618. 871 – 006 Í 73
12. Ðóêîâîäñòâî ê ïðàêòè÷åñêèì çàíÿòèÿì ïî ãèíåêîëîãèè: ó÷åá. ïîñîáèå / ðåä. Â.Å. Ðàäçèíñêèé. – Ì.: ÃÝÎÒÀÐ – Ìåäèà, 2007. – 600 ñ. Ýêç. 8 – ÕÐ (8 ). 618.1 Ð 85
13. Áîõìàí ß.Â. Ëåêöèè ïî îíêîãèíåêîëîãèè. – Ì.: ÌÈÀ, 2007. – 304 ñ. Ýêç. 2 – ÔÓÂ (2). 618. 11 – 006 Á 83
ʲвÑÏÅ
1. Àóðóäûң àëäûí àëó æөí³íäåã³ íåã³çã³ ìåäèöèíàëûқ ғûëûì ðåò³íäåã³ ãèãèåíà. Ìàқñàòû, ì³íäåòòåð³, çåðòòåéò³í òàқûðûáû.
Àäàì äåíñàóëûғû, òåê ñàïàëû өì³ð ñүðóä³ң ғàíà åìåñ, ñîíûìåí қàòàð ìåìëåêåòò³ң ñàÿñàòû ìåí ұëòòûқ қàó³ïñ³çä³ã³íäå æåòåêø³ æүéå òүçóø³ ôàêòîð áîëûï òàáûëàäû æәíå îíû қàìòàìàñûç åòóäå åң ìàңûçäû, á³ð³íø³ äәðåæåë³ ðөë àëäûí àëó ìåäèöèíàñûíà áåð³ëåä³. 19-ғàñûðäûң өç³íäå êåìåңãåð õèðóðã Í.È. Ïèðîãîâ «Êåëåøåê, ñàқòàíäûðàòûí ìåäèöèíàí³ê³» äåãåí, àë àòàқòû êëèíèöèñò-ғàëûì Ã.À. Çàõàðüèí - «Ïðàêòèêàëûқ äәð³ãåð êåìåë³íå êåëãåí ñàéûí ãèãèåíàíûң құä³ðåò³í æәíå åìäåóä³ң, òåðàïèÿíûң, ñàëûñòûðìàëû òүðäå әëñ³ç åêåí³í, îë êөá³ðåê òүñ³íåä³» äåãåí. Àäàìғà, òåê òàáèғè ôàêòîðëàð ғàíà åìåñ, ñîíûìåí қàòàð қîðøàғàí îðòàíûң õèìèÿëûқ, áèîëîãèÿëûқ æәíå ôèçèêàëûқ ëàñòàíóûìåí, òàáèғàòòû æөíñ³ç ïàéäàëàíóìåí, әëåóìåòò³ê îðòàíûң ñèïàòûìåí æәíå қàëûïòàñó åðåêøåë³êòåð³ìåí, әñêåðè øàìäàíóëàðìåí æәíå áàñқàëàðìåí áàéëàíûñòû, àíòðîïîãåíä³ ôàêòîðëàðäûң á³ðқàòàð êåøåí³ әñåð åò³ï æàòқàí қàç³ðã³ çàìàíäà, îëàðäûң àéòқàíäàðû áұðûíғûäàí äà өçåêò³ áîëûï îòûð. Àäàìäà äàғäûëàíғàí áåé³ìäåëó ìåõàíèçì³ æîқ, áұðûí áåëã³ñ³ç áîëғàí ôàêòîðëàðäûң êөçäåð³ – æàңà òåõíîëîãèÿëàð ïàéäà áîëäû. Әð òүðë³ ñàëàëàðäà ãåíä³ê èíæåíåðèÿ åíã³ç³ëóäå, ñîíäàé-àқ қàó³ïñ³ç åìåñ áîëûï òàáûëғàí êîìïüòåðëåðä³, ұÿëû òåëåôîíäàðäû æәíå ýëåêòðîìàãíòèòò³ê ñәóëåëåíóëåðä³ң áàñқà äà êөçäåð³í қîëäàíó æàһàíäûқ ìàñøòàá àëóäà, әëåóìåòò³ê ôàêòîðëàðäûң әñåð³ ұëғàþäà. Áұë ôàêòîðëàðäûң әñåð³, ò³ïò³ қàðқûíäûëûғû àçäàðûíûң өç³ äå, àäàìíûң äåíñàóëûғûíà åäәó³ð қàó³ï òóäûðàäû, ñåáåá³, êөïòåãåí àóðóëàðäûң, îíûң ³ø³íäå қàòåðë³ ³ñ³êòåðä³ң, æүðåê-қàí-òàìûð, æүéêå-ïñèõèêàëûқ àóðóëàðäûң, èììóíäûқ òàïøûëûқ æàғäàéëàðäûң æәíå áàñқà äà ïàòîëîãèÿëàðäûң ñåáåá³ íåìåñå äàìóûíûң қàó³ï-қàòåð³ áîëóû ìүìê³í, îëàðäû åìäåóäå êëèíèêàëûқ ìåäèöèíàíûң áàðëûқ æåò³ñò³êòåð³íå қàðàìàñòàí, êөá³íäå, қàæåòò³ òè³ìä³ë³êêå æåòå àëìàéäû. Ìұíäàé æàғäàéäà, àäàìíûң өì³ð ñүðó æàғäàéûí ñàóûқòûðóғà áàғûòòàëғàí òåê àëäûí àëó øàðàëàðû ғàíà àóðóëàðäûң äàìó қàó³ï-қàòåð³í òөìåíäåòóãå, ïîïóëÿöèÿíûң äåíñàóëûғûí ñàқòàóғà қàá³ëåòò³. Ãèãèåíà ғûëûìûíûң íåã³ç³í қàëàóøû Ô.Ô. Ýðèñìàí îñûғàí áàéëàíûñòû, «Åãåð àóðó òүð³í äұðûñ àíûқòàó æәíå îíû äұðûñ åìäåó әä³ñ³ өòå ìàңûçäû æәíå åëåóë³ äåï ñàíàëñà..., îñû àóðóëàð ìåí өë³ìí³ң ñåáåá³ áîëûï òàáûëàòûí, қîғàìíûң ñàíèòàðëûқ ñûðқàòòàðûí àíûқòàó æәíå æîÿ á³ëó áàðëûқ ðåöåïòòåð ìåí äәð³ëåðä³ á³ðãå àëғàíäàғûäàí äà, íåãå æîғàðû äәðåæåäå ìàңûçäû æәíå åëåóë³ äåï àéòïàñқà» äåãåí. Àëäûí àëó æөí³íäåã³ ìåäèöèíà òåê äәð³ãåð-ãèãèåíà ìàìàíäàðûíûң ғàíà åíø³ñ³ åìåñ, àóðóäûң àëäûí àëó æөí³íäåã³ øàðàëàðñûç, êåç-êåëãåí åìäåó ñàëàñûíäàғû äәð³ãåðä³ң æұìûñû ìүìê³í åìåñ. Ãèãèåíàëûқ îéëàó òәñ³ë³ æәíå áұë ñàëàäàí êåң òàíûëûìäàð ñòóäåíòò³ê êåçåңíåí áàñòàï қàëàíóû êåðåê, àë àëäûí àëó æөí³íäåã³ ìåäèöèíà áîëàøàқ äәð³ãåðëåðä³ äàéûíäàóäà өç³íå ëàéûқòû îðûí àëóû òè³ñ.
Àóðóäûң àëäûí àëó æөí³íäåã³ íåã³çã³ ғûëûì - ãèãèåíà áîëûï òàáûëàäû. Ãèãèåíà, ³ñêå àñûðûëғàíäà àäàìíûң қîëàéëû өì³ð ñүðó æàғäàéûí, äåíñàóëûғûíûң íûғàþûí æәíå àóðóëàðûíûң àëäûí àëóäû қàìòàìàñûç åòåò³í, ãèãèåíàëûқ íîðìàòèâòåðä³, ñàíèòàðëûқ åðåæåëåð ìåí øàðàëàðäû íåã³çäåó ìàқñàòûíäà, қîðøàғàí îðòàíûң àäàì àғçàñû ìåí қîғàì äåíñàóëûғûíà әñåð åòó çàңäûëûқòàðûí çåðòòåéä³
Ãèãèåíà, өç³í³ң àòûí «hygieinos» – «äåíñàóëûқ әêåëóø³» äåãåí ãðåê ñөç³íåí àëàäû. Åæåëã³ ãðåê ìèôîëîãèÿñûíà ñәéêåñ, äәð³ãåðë³ê ³ñïåí àéíàëûñàòûí құäàéû Àñêëåïèéä³ң (Ýñêóëàïà) Ãèãèåÿ äåãåí қûçû áîëғàí, îë àóðóäûң ïàéäà áîëóûíûң àëäûí àëûï, àäàìäàðғà äåíñàóëûқ ñûéëàғàí. Åæåëã³ ãðåêòåð Ãèãèåÿíû àñà äәð³ïòåï, äåíñàóëûқ құäàéû äåï ñàíàғàí. Îñû äåíñàóëûқ құäàéûíûң àòûìåí àóðóäûң àëäûí àëó æөí³íäåã³ ìåäèöèíà ғûëûìû «ãèãèåíà» äåï àòàëғàí.
Ãèãèåíàíûң ìàқñàòû - àäàìíûң äåíñàóëûғûí ñàқòàó æәíå íûғàéòó, àóðóäûң àëäûí àëó. Àíãëèÿäàғû ýêñïåðèìåíòò³ê ãèãèåíàíûң íåã³ç³í қàëàóøû Ýäâàðä Ïàðêñ ãèãèåíàíûң ìàқñàòûíà өòå êåң ìàғûíàëû æәíå àéқûí àíûқòàìà áåðãåí: «Ғûëûì ðåò³íäå ãèãèåíà үëêåí æәíå èã³ë³êò³ ìàқñàò êөçäåéä³ – àäàì àғçàñûíûң өñ³ï-äàìóûí - әáäåí æåò³ëãåí, өì³ð ñүðó³í - êүøò³, қàðòàþûí - әáäåí áàÿó æүðåò³í åòó, өë³ì³í åң ұçàққà ñîçó» äåãåí.
Ãèãèåíà àäàìäû қîðøàғàí îðòàñûí - ò³ðø³ë³ê îðòàñû ìåí өíä³ð³ñò³ê ³ñ-әðåêåò îðòàñûí - қîðғàóғà æәíå ñàóûқòûðóғà áàғûòòàëғàí, ғûëûìè òұðғûäàí íåã³çäåëãåí ãèãèåíàëûқ íîðìàòèâòåðä³, ñàíèòàðëûқ åðåæåëåðä³, àëäûí àëó æөí³íäåã³ øàðàëàðäû äàéûíäàó æәíå îëàðäû ³ñ æүç³íå àñûðó àðқûëû өç ìàқñàòûíûң æүçåãå àñóûíà қîë æåòê³çåä³. Îë үø³í, ãèãèåíà ғûëûìû êåëåñ³ ì³íäåòòåðä³ øåøåä³:
1. Àäàìíûң äåíñàóëûғûíà әñåð åòå³í қîðøàғàí îðòàíûң òàáèғè æәíå àíòðîïîãåíä³ ôàêòîðëàðûí çåðòòåéä³.
2. Áұë ôàêòîðëàðäûң àäàìíûң íåìåñå ïîïóëÿöèÿíûң äåíñàóëûғûíà әñåð åòó çàңäûëûқòàðûí çåðòòåéä³.
3. Àäàì äåíñàóëûғûíà қîëàéëû әñåð åòåò³í қîðøàғàí îðòà ôàêòîðëàðûí ìàêñèìàëäû ïàéäàëàíó æәíå қîëàéñûç әñåð åòåò³íäåð³í æîþ íåìåñå қàó³ïñ³ç äåңãåéãå äåé³í øåêòåó æөí³íäå ãèãèåíàëûқ íîðìàòèâòåðä³, åðåæåëåðä³ æәíå øàðàëàðäû ғûëûìè òұðғûäàí íåã³çäåéä³ æәíå äàéûíäàéäû.
4. Äàéûíäàëғàí ұñûíûñòàðäû, åðåæåëåðä³ æәíå íîðìàòèâòåðä³ äåíñàóëûқ ñàқòàó ïðàêòèêàñûíà æәíå õàëûқ øàðóàøûëûғûíà åíã³çåä³, îëàðäûң òè³ìä³ë³ã³í áàғàëàéäû æәíå æåò³ëä³ðåä³.
5. Æàқûí æәíå қàøûқ áîëàøàқòàғû ñàíèòàðëûқ æàғäàéғà áîëæàó æүðã³çåä³.
Қîðøàғàí îðòà ôàêòîðëàðûí çåðòòåó äåï, îëàðäûң òàáèғàòûí, æàðàòûëûñûí, қàñèåòòåð³í, әñåð åòó äåңãåéëåð³í, қîðøàғàí îðòàäàғû құáûëûñòàðûí æәíå áàñқàëàðûí ñèïàòòàóäû òүñ³íåä³. Ìûñàëû, æàңàäàí ñèíòåçäåëãåí õèìèÿëûқ қîñûëûñòû өíä³ð³ñêå åíã³çó ұñûíûëàäû. Áұë êåçäå ãèãèåíà ìàìàíûíûң ì³íäåò³ - çàòòûң õèìèÿëûқ құðûëûñû ìåí құðûëûìûí, îíûң ôèçèêî-õèìèÿëûқ қàñèåòòåð³í, ðåàêöèÿëàñó қàá³ëåò³í, òåç ûäûðàó қàá³ëåò³í, қîðøàғàí îðòàäà êөøó æîëäàðûí, îëàðäûң êөç³ áîëàòûí òåõíîëîãèÿëûқ ò³çáåêòåã³ çâåíîëàðûí àíûқòàó, өíä³ð³ñòå қîëäàíûëûï æүðãåí àíàëîãòàðûíûң áîëóû, îëàðäûң қàñèåòòåð³ ìåí íîðìàòèâòåð³ òóðàëû àқïàðàòòàð ³çäåñò³ðó, ò.á. áîëûï òàáûëàäû. Ñөéò³ï, àäàìғà әñåð åòó³ ñèïàòûí øàìàëàóғà ìүìê³íø³ë³ê áåðåò³í қîñûëûñòûң òîëûқ ñàíäûқ æәíå ñàïàëûқ ñèïàòòàìàñû áåð³ëåä³.
Çàòòûң өç³ òóðàëû áàðëûқ қàæåòò³ ìәë³ìåòòåðä³ àëғàííàí êåé³í, îíûң àäàì àғçàñûíà æәíå қîðøàғàí îðòàғà әñåð³ çåðòòåëåä³. Çàòòûң àäàì àғçàñûíà òүñó æîëäàðû, çàò àëìàñóûíäà àéíàëûìғà òүñó³, àғçàäà æәíå æåêå ìүøåëåðäå æèíàëó ìүìê³íø³ë³ã³, óëûëûқ æәíå қàó³ïò³ë³ê äәðåæåñ³, óëûëûқ әñåð³í³ң ìåõàíèçì³ æәíå áàñқàëàð àíûқòàëàäû, îë үø³í, әäåòòå, æàíóàðëàðғà ãèãèåíàëûқ ýêñïåðèìåíò қîéûëàäû. Àëûíғàí ìәë³ìåòòåð, áåð³ëãåí çàòòûң қàó³ïñ³ç әñåð³ äåңãåé³í (ãèãèåíàëûқ íîðìàòèâ³í) äàéûíäàó үø³í ғûëûìè íåã³ç ðåò³íäå қîëäàíûëàäû. Ìұíûìåí қàòàð, æүçåãå àñûðûëғàíäà áåð³ëãåí çàò ïåí қîðøàғàí îðòà ëàñòàíóûíûң àëäûí àëóғà íåìåñå ëàñòàíó äåңãåé³í òөìåíäåòóãå ìүìê³íä³ê áåðåò³í øàðàëàð æàçûëғàí ұñûíûñòàð, åðåæåëåð, íұñқàóëàð, ò.á. äàéûíäàëàäû.
Ôàêòîðëàðäû ãèãèåíàëûқ íîðìàëàó, àëäûí àëó øàðàëàðû íåã³çäåëåò³í íåã³çã³ áóûíû (çâåíîñû) áîëûï òàáûëàäû. Ãèãèåíàëûқ íîðìàëàó äåï, àäàìғà áүê³ë өì³ð³ áîéûíà íåìåñå áүê³ë åңáåê ³ñ-әðåêåò³ áîéûíà êүíäåë³êò³ әñåð åòêåí êåçäå, äåíñàóëûғûíà æәíå îíûң ұðïàғûíûң äåíñàóëûғûíà ò³êåëåé íåìåñå áàñқà îðòà àðқûëû әñåð åòïåéò³í, òàáèғàòû әð òүðë³ ôàêòîðëàðäûң êîíöåíòðàöèÿëàðûí, äîçàëàðûí æәíå äåңãåéëåð³í àíûқòàóäû òүñ³íåä³. Ãèãèåíàëûқ íîðìàòèâòåð ðåò³íäå õèìèÿëûқ ôàêòîðëàð үø³í ØÐÅÊ (øåêò³ê ðұқñàò åò³ëãåí êîíöåíòðàöèÿ) æәíå ӘØÀҚÄ (әñåð³í³ң øàìàìåí àëûíғàí қàó³ïñ³ç äåңãåé³), ôèçèêàëûқ ôàêòîðëàð үø³í - ØÐÅÄ (øåêò³ê ðұқñàò åò³ëãåí äåңãåé), áèîëîãèÿëûқ ôàêòîðëàð үø³í ØÐÅÊ қîëäàíûëàäû.
Êåëåñ³ ì³íäåò³ - äàéûíäàëғàí íîðìàòèâòåðä³, ұñûíûñòàðäû, åðåæåëåðä³ ³ñ æүç³íå (ïðàêòèêàғà) åíã³çó æәíå îëàðäûң òè³ìä³ë³ã³í áàғàëàó. Òè³ìä³ë³ã³, òåõíîëîãèÿëûқ үðä³ñ³íäå á³ç êåëò³ðãåí ìûñàëäàғû æàңàäàí ñèíòåçäåëãåí çàòòû қîëäàíàòûí íûñàíäû ñàíèòàðëûқ òåêñåðó, æұìûñ çîíàñûíûң àóàñûíäàғû æәíå áàñқà äà îðòàäàғû îë çàòòûң êîíöåíòðàöèÿñûí àíûқòàó, æұìûñøûëàðäûң äåíñàóëûғûí æәíå æұìûñқà қàá³ëåòò³ë³ã³í çåðòòåó àðқûëû áàғàëàíàäû. Ìåäèöèíàëûқ-әëåóìåòò³ê òè³ìä³ë³ã³ àóðóøàңäûқòûң àçàþûìåí, æұìûñқà қàá³ëåò³í³ң æîғàðûëàóûìåí êөðñåò³ëåä³. Ñîíäàé-àқ, ýêîíîìèêàëûқ òè³ìä³ë³ã³ äå àíûқòàëàäû, ÿғíè äàéûíäàëғàí íîðìàòèâòåð ìåí øàðàëàðäû ³ñ æүç³íå åíã³çó íәòèæåñ³íäå, æұìûñқà æàðàìñûçäûқ қàғàçû áîéûíøà òөëåì àқûíûң òөìåíäåó³, åңáåê өí³ìä³ë³ã³í³ң àðòóû åñåá³íåí, ò.á. àëûíғàí ê³ð³ñ àíûқòàëàäû. Åãåð íûñàííûң ñàíèòàðëûқ æàғäàéûíäà òåð³ñ äèíàìèêà áàéқàëñà, êәñ³áè àóðó-ñûðқàó êөáåéãåí³ áåëã³ë³ áîëñà, æұìûñøûëàðäûң æұìûñ қàá³ëåò³ òөìåí áîëñà, äàéûíäàëғàí íîðìàòèâòåð ìåí øàðàëàð òүçåòóëåðä³ қàæåò åòåä³.
Æәíå åң ñîңғû, ìàòåìàòèêàëûқ ìîäåëüäåð êөìåã³ìåí ³ñêå àñûðûëàòûí æàқûí æәíå қàøûқ áîëàøàқòàғû ñàíèòàðëûқ æàғäàéäû áîëæàó, қàæåòò³ àëäûí àëó øàðàëàðûí өç óàқûòûíäà æîñïàðëàóғà æәíå æүðã³çóãå ìұìê³íä³ê áåðåä³.
Ãèãèåíàíûң çåðòòåéò³í òàқûðûáû (íûñàíû), ³ñ æүç³íäå äåí³ ñàó àäàìäàð, îëàðäûң æåêå áàñûíûң, ұæûìûíûң, қîғàìíûң äåíñàóëûқòàðû, ñîíäàé-àқ áåëã³ë³ á³ð әëåóìåòò³ê æàғäàéëàðäà àäàì àғçàñûíà әñåð åòåò³í қîðøàғàí îðòàíûң ôèçèêàëûқ, õèìèÿëûқ, áèîëîãèÿëûқ æәíå ïñèõîãåíä³ê (àқïàðàòòûқ) ôàêòîðëàðû.
Қîðøàғàí îðòàíûң ôèçèêàëûқ, õèìèÿëûқ æәíå áèîëîãèÿëûқ ôàêòîðëàðû òàáèғè æәíå àíòðîïîãåíä³ (әëåóìåòò³ê) áîëóû ìүìê³í. Ìûñàëû, òàáèғè õèìèÿëûқ ôàêòîðëàðғà àòìîñôåðàëûқ àóàíûң, ñóäûң, òîïûðàқòûң, òàғàìíûң æәíå áàñқàëàðäûң òàáèғè õèìèÿëûқ құðàìûíà ê³ðåò³í çàòòàð æàòàäû, àë àíòðîïîãåíä³ ôàêòîðëàðғà, îðòàíûң îñû íûñàíäàðûíà àäàìíûң әð òүðë³ ³ñ-әðåêåòòåð³ íәòèæåñ³íäå òүñåò³í õèìèÿëûқ ëàñòàóøû çàòòàð æàòàäû. Òàáèғè æәíå àíòðîïîãåíä³ õèìèÿëûқ ôàêòîðëàð àäàì äåíñàóëûғûíà әñåð åòåä³. Àäàì үø³í êөïòåãåí òàáèғè құðàì áөë³êòåð³í³ң өì³ðë³ê ìàңûçû áàð, îëàðäûң æåòê³ë³êñ³çä³ã³ íåìåñå àðòûқ áîëóû, àóðóäûң äàìóûíà әêåï ñîғóû ìүìê³í. Àíòðîïîãåíä³ õèìèÿëûқ ôàêòîðëàð, çàңäû òүðäå óëû áîëûï òàáûëàäû æәíå àäàìíûң äåíñàóëûғûíà òåð³ñ әñåð åòåä³.
Êүí ñәóëåñ³, àóàíûң òåìïåðàòóðàñû, ûëғàëäûëûғû, қîçғàëûñû, àòìîñôåðàëûқ қûñûì, ãåîìàãíèòò³ê өð³ñòåð æәíå áàñқàëàð òàáèғè ôèçèêàëûқ ôàêòîðëàð áîëûï òàáûëàäû. Áұë ôàêòîðëàð àäàìíûң ò³ðø³ë³ã³ үø³í қàæåòò³, á³ðàқ îëàðäûң ýêñòðåìàëüäû äåңãåéëåð³ òåðåң өçãåð³ñòåð, àóðóëàð òóäûðóû, ò³ïò³ àғçàíûң өë³ì³íå әêåï ñîғóû ìүìê³í. Àíòðîïîãåíä³ ôèçèêàëûқ ôàêòîðëàð – ä³ð³ë, øó, ëàçåðë³ê ñәóëåëåíó, èîíäàғûø ñәóëåëåíó, ò.á., áұëàð êөá³íäå àäàì àғçàñûíà çèÿíäû әñåð åòåä³.
Áèîëîãèÿëûқ ôàêòîðëàðғà, әð òүðë³ ò³ð³ àғçàëàð (áàêòåðèÿëàð, âèðóñòàð, қàðàïàéûìäûëàð, ìèêðîñêîïèÿëûқ ñàңûðàóқұëàқòàð, ãåëüìèíòòåð, æåóãå æàðàìäû æәíå æàðàìñûç ñàңûðàóқұëàқòàð, өñ³ìä³êòåð, ò.á.), ñîíäàé-àқ îëàðäûң ò³ðø³ë³ê өí³ìäåð³ (òîêñèíäåð, âàêöèíàëàð, àíòèáèîòèêòåð, ò.á.) æàòàäû. Îëàðäûң àғçàғà әñåð³ á³ð ìàғûíàëû åìåñ. Ìûñàëû, øàðòòû òүðäå ïàòîãåíä³ æәíå ïàòîãåíä³ ìèêðîáòàð әð òүðë³ æұқïàëû æәíå ïàðàçèòò³ê àóðóëàð äàìûòóû, óëû өñ³ìä³êòåð ìåí ñàңûðàóқұëàқòàð óëàíóëàð òóäûðóû ìүìê³í. Ñîíûìåí á³ðãå, àøûòқàí ñүò өí³ìäåð³í³ң құðàìûíäàғû ñүò қûøқûëäûқ áàêòåðèÿëàð, àäàìíûң äåíñàóëûғûíà қîëàéëû әñåð åòåò³í ïðîáèîòèêòåð (ñèìáèîíòòàð) áîëûï òàáûëàäû.
Ïñèõîãåíä³ ôàêòîðëàðäûң òàáèғàòû òàçà әëåóìåòò³ê áîëûï êåëåä³. Îëàðғà æàòàòûíäàðû - àäàìғà åê³íø³ ñèãíàëäûқ æүéå àðқûëû әñåð åòåò³í ôàêòîðëàð: ñөç, ñөéëåó, äûáûñòàð, ìóçûêà, òүðë³ òүñòåð, õàò, áàñïà өí³ìäåð³, ұæûìäàғû àðàқàòûíàñòàð, ò.á. æàòàäû. Áұë ôàêòîðëàð әð òүðë³ êөң³ë-êүé òóäûðûï, ïñèõèêàëûқ æàғäàéûí өçãåðò³ï, àäàìғà îң íåìåñå òåð³ñ әñåð åòåä³.
Àäàì áèîәëåóìåòò³ê æàðàòûëûñ áîëûï òàáûëàäû, ñîíäûқòàí îíûң äåíñàóëûғû әëåóìåòò³ê îðòàìåí áàéëàíûñòû æàғäàé, ÿғíè êөá³íåñå әëåóìåòò³ê ôàêòîðëàðìåí: æұìûñ æàғäàéûìåí, òұðғûí үé æàғäàéûìåí, ìàòåðèàëäûқ æàғäàéûìåí, òàìàқòàíóûìåí, áèîëîãèÿëûқ-ãåíåòèêàëûқ åðåêøåë³êòåð³ìåí, æûíûñûìåí, ñàëàóàòòû åìåñ өì³ð ñàëòûìåí (òåìåê³ øåãó, àðàқïàçäûқ, íàøàқîðëûқ), ò.á. àíûқòàëàäû. Áұë әëåóìåòò³ê æàғäàéäûң àäàì äåíñàóëûғûíà әñåð³, әëåóìåòò³ê îðòàíûң õèìèÿëûқ, ôèçèêàëûқ, áèîëîãèÿëûқ æәíå ïñèõîãåíä³ê ôàêòîðëàðû àðқûëû áåð³ëåä³. Ìûñàëû, òåìåê³ øåãó, õèìèÿëûқ ôàêòîð ðåò³íäåã³ òåìåê³í³ң àғçàғà әñåð³ ñàëäàðûíàí, îíûìåí áàéëàíûñòû àóðóäûң äàìóûíà әêåï ñîғàäû, ò.ñ.ñ.
Øûíàéû өì³ð³íäå àäàì, á³ð ìåçã³ëäå êөïòåãåí ôàêòîðëàðäûң әñåð³íå ұøûðàéäû, îëàðäûң қàáàòòàñқàí әñåðëåð³í³ң ñèïàòû әð òүðë³ áîëóû ìүìê³í: қîëàéëû, áåéòàðàï íåìåñå çèÿíäû æәíå қàó³ïò³.
2. Ãèãèåíàíûң áàñқà ғûëûìäàðìåí áàéëàíûñû. Ãèãèåíàíûң áөë³ìäåð³. Ãèãèåíàëûқ çåðòòåóëåðä³ң әä³ñòåð³.
Ãèãèåíà áàñқà ғûëûìäàðìåí òûғûç áàéëàíûñòû. Қîðøàғàí îðòà ôàêòîðëàðûí æәíå îëàðäûң àäàì àғçàñûíà әñåð³í çåðòòåó ìàқñàòûíäà, îë ³ðãåë³ê ìåäèöèíà ïәíäåð³í³ң – àíàòîìèÿíûң, ãèñòîëîãèÿíûң, қàëûïòû æәíå ïàòîëîãèÿëûқ ôèçèîëîãèÿíûң, ïàòîëîãèÿëûқ àíàòîìèÿíûң, áèîõèìèÿíûң, áèîëîãèÿíûң, ìèêðîáèîëîãèÿíûң, ýïèäåìèîëîãèÿíûң æәíå êëèìàòîëîãèÿ, ìåòåîðîëîãèÿ, àãðîõèìèÿ, òîïûðàқòàíó, àãðîíîìèÿ, ìàòåìàòèêà, ò.á. ñèÿқòû ìåäèöèíàëûқ åìåñ ғûëûìäàðäûң ìәë³ìåòòåð³í æәíå çåðòòåó әä³ñòåð³í қîëäàíàäû.
Áàðëûқ êëèíèêàëûқ ïәíäåðìåí өçàðà áàéëàíûññûç ãèãèåíàíûң áîëóû, ìүìê³í åìåñ, ñåáåá³, äåíñàóëûқ æàғäàéûí áàғàëàó үø³í өç³í³ң çåðòòåóëåð³íäå ãèãèåíà, êëèíèêàëûқ çåðòòåó әä³ñòåð³í æәíå қîðøàғàí îðòà ôàêòîðëàðûíûң әñåð³íåí ïàéäà áîëàòûí ïàòîëîãèÿëàðäûң êëèíèêàëûқ êөð³í³ñòåð³ ìåí àғûìûíûң ñèïàòû òóðàëû ìәë³ìåòòåðä³ êåң³íåí қîëäàíàäû. Ñîíûìåí қàòàð, қîðøàғàí îðòà ôàêòîðëàðûíûң ãèãèåíàëûқ ñèïàòòàìàñû, ãèãèåíà äàéûíäàғàí íîðìàòèâòåð, ұñûíûñòàð, åðåæåëåð åìäåó ìåäèöèíàñûíûң áàðëûқ åìäåó- àëäûí àëó ³ñ-әðåêåòòåð³ òұðғûçûëàòûí íåã³ç áîëûï òàáûëàäû.
Қàç³ðã³ êåçäåã³ ãèãèåíà êөï ñàëàëû ïәí, îíûң құðàìûíà êîììóíàëäûқ ãèãèåíà, òàìàқòàíó ãèãèåíàñû, åңáåê ãèãèåíàñû, áàëàëàð ìåí æàñөñï³ð³ìäåð, åìäåó-àëäûí àëó ìåêåìåëåð³í³ң ãèãèåíàñû, әëåóìåòò³ê ãèãèåíà, ðàäèàöèÿëûқ ãèãèåíà, әñêåðè ãèãèåíà æәíå áàñқàëàð ê³ðåä³. Áұë áөë³ìäåðä³ң әðá³ðåó³ ãèãèåíà ғûëûìû ìåí ïðàêòèêàñûíûң өç àëäûíà æåêå ñàëàëàðûí қàìòèäû. Áîëàøàқ äәð³ãåð-ãèãèåíèñò ìàìàíäàð үø³í ïðîïåäåâòèêàëûқ ãèãèåíàëûқ ïәí æәíå áîëàøàқ åìäåóø³ äәð³ãåðä³ ãèãèåíàëûқ á³ë³ìäåðìåí қàðóëàíäûðàòûí ïәí áîëûï òàáûëàòûí æàëïû ãèãèåíà, îëàðäûң ³ø³íäå àéðûқøà îðûí àëàäû.
Ãèãèåíà өç³í³ң ì³íäåòòåð³í øåøó үø³í, òåê ãèãèåíàíûң өç³íå òәí çåðòòåó әä³ñòåð³í äå æәíå áàñқà äà ìåäèöèíàëûқ, ìåäèöèíàëûқ åìåñ ïәíäåðä³ң äå, әä³ñòåð³í қîëäàíàäû. Ãèãèåíàíûң өç³íå òәí әä³ñòåð³íå ñàíèòàðëûқ òåêñåðó, ýïèäåìèîëîãèÿëûқ, ñàíèòàðëûқ ñàðàïòàó æәíå ãèãèåíàëûқ ýêñïåðèìåíò әä³ñòåð³ æàòàäû. Áұë әä³ñòåðä³ң ³ø³íäå á³ðåóëåð³- қîðøàғàí îðòà ôàêòîðëàðûí áàғàëàóғà ìүìê³íä³ê áåðåä³, áàñқàëàðû- îëàðäûң àäàì äåíñàóëûғûíà әñåð³í áàғàëàóғà ìүìê³íä³ê áåðåä³. Áұë әä³ñòåðä³ң áәð³ äå ñïåöèôèêàëûқ åìåñ әä³ñòåðä³ң êåң ñïåêòð³í: ôèçèêàëûқ, õèìèÿëûқ, áèîëîãèÿëûқ, ñòàòèñòêàëûқ, êëèííèêàëûқ әä³ñòåðä³ æәíå áàñқàëàðäû қîëäàíóäû қàðàñòûðàäû.
Ñàíèòàðëûқ òåêñåðó әä³ñ³ - àäàìäàðäûң äåíñàóëûғûíà æәíå îëàðäûң ñàíèòàðëûқ-òұðìûñòûқ æàғäàéûíà әñåð åòåò³í ôàêòîðëàðäû çåðòòåóãå ìүìê³íä³ê áåðåò³í íåã³çã³ әä³ñòåðä³ң á³ð³ áîëûï òàáûëàäû. Îë åê³ òүðäåí: ñàíèòàðëûқ áåéíåëåï æàçóäàí æәíå òåðåңäåò³ëãåí ñàíèòàðëûқ òåêñåðóäåí òұðàäû. Íûñàíäû ñàíèòàðëûқ áåéíåëåï æàçó êөçáåí êөð³ï áàéқàó, òөëқұæàòòûқ ìәë³ìåòòåð³í æәíå íûñàíғà қàòûñòû áàñқà äà құæàòòàðäû çåðòòåó ìәë³ìåòòåð³ áîéûíøà, ñîíäàé-àқ íûñàíäàғû àäàìäàðäàí íåìåñå áåð³ëãåí àóìàқòà òұðàòûí õàëûқòàí ñұðàó íåìåñå àíêåòàëûқ ìәë³ìåòòåð³ áîéûíøà æүðã³ç³ëåä³. Ìûñàëû, àóðóëàðäûң åìäåó-àëäûí àëó ìåêåìåëåð³íäå áîëóû êåç³íäå æàғäàéûí áàғàëàó үø³í, îíûң îðíàëàñóû, ғèìàðàòûíûң қàíøà қàáàò åêåí³, æîñïàðëàíóû, ïàòîëîãèÿñû әð òүðë³ àóðóëàðäûң äұðûñ îðíàëàñòûðûëóû, ïàëàòàëàðäûң өëøåì³, òåðåçåëåð³í³ң áàғûòòàëóû, æàðûғû, ìèêðîêëèìàò æàғäàéûíûң қîëàéëûëûғû, àóðóõàíàíûң æåð òåë³ì³í³ң êөãàëäàíäûðûëóû æәíå áàñқàëàð åñêåð³ëåä³. Á³ðàқ ñàíèòàðëûқ áåéíåëåï æàçó íûñàíûң ñàíèòàðëûқ æàғäàéûí òåê ñóáúåêòèâò³ òүðäå (ñàïà æàғûíàí) ñèïàòòàóғà ìүìê³íä³ê áåðåä³. Îë çèÿíäû ôàêòîðëàð òóðàëû æәíå îëàðäûң әñåð åòó äåңãåéëåð³ æөí³íäå òîëûқ àқïàðàò áåðìåéä³. Ñîíäûқòàí, òåðåңäåò³ëãåí ñàíèòàðëûқ òåêñåðó æүðã³ç³ëåä³, áұë êåçäå ñàíèòàðëûқ áåéíåëåï æàçóäàí àëûíғàí ìәë³ìåòòåð, àäàìíûң äåíñàóëûғûíà ò³êåëåé íåìåñå æàíàìà òүðäå çèÿí êåëò³ðåò³í ôàêòîðëàðäû àñïàïòûқ-çåðòõàíàëûқ çåðòòåó ìәë³ìåòòåð³ìåí áàðëûқ óàқûòòà äà òîëûқòûðûï îòûðàäû. Òåðåңäåò³ëãåí ñàíèòàðëûқ òåêñåðó, íûñàííûң ñàíèòàðëûқ æàғäàéûí îáúåêòèâò³ òүðäå, ñàíû æàғûíàí áàғàëàóғà ìүìê³íä³ê áåðåä³. Òåðåңäåò³ëãåí ñàíèòàðëûқ òåêñåðó êåç³íäå қàíäàé ôàêòîðëàð çåðòòåëåä³, ñîғàí áàéëàíûñòû әð òүðë³ әä³ñòåð қîëäàíûëàäû, àòàï àéòқàíäà, ôèçèêàëûқ, õèìèÿëûқ, ôèçèêî-õèìèÿëûқ, áèîëîãèÿëûқ, ãåîãðàôèÿëûқ æәíå áàñқà әä³ñòåð. Ìûñàëû, øóäûң äåңãåé³í çåðòòåó үø³í øóäû өëøåó қîëäàíûëàäû, õèìèÿëûқ құðàìûí æәíå îëàðäûң ìөëøåð³í àíûқòàó үø³í – ãàçäû-ñұéûқòû õðîìàòîãðàôèÿíû, àòîìäûқ-àáñîðáöèÿëûқ ñïåêòðîôîòîìåòðèÿíû æәíå ò.á. қîëäàíûëàäû.
Òåðåңäåò³ëãåí ñàèèòàðëûқ òåêñåðóä³ á³ò³ðãåííåí êåé³í, æîéûëóû êåðåê êåì³ñò³êòåð³ êөðñåò³ëãåí, òîëûқ æàçûëғàí íûñàííûң ñàíèòàðëûқ òөëқұæàòû æàçûëàäû. Äәð³ãåð - ãèãèåíèñò ìàìàí ұñûíғàí ñàóûқòûðó øàðàëàðûíûң æîñïàðû, ñàíèòàðëûқ ұéғàðûì òүð³íäå íûñàííûң әê³ìø³ë³ã³íå æ³áåð³ëåä³.
Ýïèäåìèîëîãèÿëûқ әä³ñ - ãèãèåíàíûң íåã³çã³ әä³ñòåð³í³ң á³ð³ áîëûï òàáûëàäû æәíå әð òүðë³ ôàêòîðëàðäûң òåê á³ð àäàìíûң äåíñàóëûғûíà ғàíà åìåñ, ñîíûìåí қàòàð àäàìäàð òîáûíûң – ұæûìíûң, òұðғûíäàðäûң, ïîïóëÿöèÿíûң äà, äåíñàóëûғûíà òèã³çåò³í әñåð³í çåðòòåó үø³í қîëäàíûëàäû. Îñû ìàқñàòòà:
· õàëûқòûң äåíñàóëûқ æàғäàéûí ñàíèòàðëûқ-ñòàòèñòèêàëûқ çåðòòåó;
· õàëûқ òîïòàðûíà ìåäèöèíàëûқ òåêñåðóëåð æүðã³ç³ëåä³.
Õàëûқòûң äåíñàóëûқ æàғäàéûí ñàíèòàðëûқ-ñòàòèñòèêàëûқ çåðòòåó үø³í äåíñàóëûқ ñàқòàó îðãàíäàðû ìåí ìåêåìåëåð³í³ң ðåñìè åñåïêå àëó құæàòòàðûíûң, Îðòàëûқ ñòàòèñòèêà áàñқàðìàñûíûң, êәñ³ïîäàқòàðäûң, æåêå êәñ³ïîðûíäàðäûң ìәë³ìåòòåð³í ïàéäàëàíàäû. Äåíñàóëûқ æàғäàéûí àóðóøàңäûқ, äåìîãðàôèÿëûқ êөðñåòê³øòåð (òóûï-êөáåþ, өë³ì-æ³ò³ì, õàëûқòûң òàáèғè өñ³ì³ æәíå áàñқàëàð), áàëàëàð ìåí æàñөñï³ð³ìäåðä³ң äåíå äàìóû æәíå ìүãåäåêò³ê áîéûíøà áàғàëàéäû. Õàëûқòûң äåíñàóëûқ æàғäàéûí ñàíèòàðëûқ-ñòàòèñòèêàëûқ çåðòòåóä³ң áåëã³ë³ á³ð êåì³ñò³êòåð³ áîëñà äà, êåң³íåí қîëäàíûëàäû. Ñòàòèñòèêàëûқ êөðñåòê³øòåð, әñ³ðåñå àóðóøàңäûқòûң êөðñåòê³øòåð³, øûíàéû äåíñàóëûқ æàғäàéûí òîëûқ êөðñåòïåéä³, ñåáåá³, àóûðғàíäàðäûң áәð³ á³ðäåé ìåäèöèíàëûқ êөìåê àëóғà êåëìåéä³, ìûñàëû, ñûðқàòòûң æåң³ë òүð³ìåí àóûðғàí íåìåñå ñîçûëìàëû, әëñ³ç òүðäå өòåò³í àóðóëàðìåí àóûðàòûíäàð. Á³ðàқ õàëûқòûң үëêåí òîïòàðûíûң äåíñàóëûқ êөðñåòê³øòåð³ òóðàëû ìәë³ìåòòåðä³, ³ñ æүç³íäå òåê ñòàòèñòèêàëûқ çåðòòåó әä³ñ³í³ң êөìåã³ìåí àëóғà áîëàäû.
Ñàíèòàðëûқ-ñòàòèñòèêàëûқ әä³ñò³ң êөï êåìø³ë³êòåð³, äåíñàóëûқòû ñàíèòàðëûқ-ñòàòèñòèêàëûқ çåðòòåóìåí қàòàð, á³ð óàқûòòà õàëûқòûң æåêå òîïòàðûíà ìåäèöèíàëûқ òåêñåðóëåð æүðã³çó êåç³íäå æîéûëàäû. Ìåäèöèíàëûқ òåêñåðóä³ құðàìûíà òåðàïåâò, õèðóðã, ïåäèàòð, àêóøåð-ãèíåêîëîã, íåâðîïàòîëîã, îòîðèíîëàðèíãîëîã, äåðìàòîëîã, æәíå áàñқàëàð ê³ðåò³í àðíàéû ұéûìäàñòûðûëғàí, әð òүðë³ ñàëàëàðäàғû äәð³ãåðëåð òîáû æүðã³çåä³. Òåêñåðó, òåê ìàìàí äәð³ãåðëåðä³ң қàðàóûí қàìòûï қîéìàéäû, ñîíûìåí қàòàð àғçàíûң æåêå ìүøåëåð³ ìåí æүéåëåð³í³ң áàғàëàóғà ìүìê³íä³ê áåðåò³í әð òүðë³ êëèíèêàëûқ-ôóíêöèîíàëäûқ æәíå çåðòõàíàëûқ çåðòòåó әä³ñòåð³í äå қàìòèäû. Ñîíûìåí, ìåäèöèíàëûқ òåêñåðó үðä³ñ³íäå çåðòòåóãå àëûíғàí òîïòàðäûң äåíñàóëûқ æàғäàéû òóðàëû æàңà àқïàðàòòàð ïàéäà áîëàäû, ñåáåá³, àóðóäûң àëäûíäàғû æàғäàéëàð, àóðóäûң åðòå ïàéäà áîëàòûí áåëã³ëåð³, áұðûí áұë àóðóû æөí³íäå ìåäèöèíàëûқ êөìåê àëóғà êåëìåãåí ñîçûëìàëû àóðóëàð àíûқòàëàäû. Àëûíғàí ìәë³ìåòòåð, àóðóøàңäûқòûң øûíàéû äåңãåé³í êөðñåòåò³í æәíå äåíñàóëûқòû çåðòòåóä³ң ñàíèòàðëûқ-ñòàòèñòèêàëûқ êåçåң³íäå æәíå ìåäèöèíàëûқ òåêñåðóëåð êåç³íäå àíûқòàëғàí àóðóëàðäûң қîñûíäûëàðûí қàìòèòûí àóðóøàңäûқòûң æàңà êөðñåòê³øòåð³í åñåïòåï òàáóғà ìүìê³íä³ê áåðåä³.
Çåðòòåóãå àëûíғàí àäàìäàð òîáûíûң äåíñàóëûғûí æәíå îғàí ôàêòîðäûң òèã³çåò³í әñåð³í áàғàëàóäû, õàëûқòûң áàқûëàóäàғû òîáûíûң êөðñåòê³øòð³ìåí ñàëûñòûðó àðқûëû æүðã³çåä³. Õàëûқòûң áàқûëàóäàғû òîáûíäà çåðòòåëåò³í ôàêòîðäàí áàñқà, òәæ³ðèáåë³ê òîáûíäàғûäàí åøқàíäàé àéûðìàøûëûқ áîëìàóû òè³ñ. Қàòåë³êòåð æ³áåðìåó æәíå äұðûñ íәòèæåëåð àëó үø³í òәæ³ðèáåë³ê æәíå áàқûëàóäàғû òîïòàðäà çåðòòåëåò³í àäàìäàðäûң ñàíûí ìàòåìàòèêàëûқ әä³ñïåí åñåïòåó àðқûëû òàáàäû.
Ýïèäåìèîëîãèÿëûқ çåðòòåó әä³ñ³ åê³ òүðäå æүðã³ç³ëó³ ìүìê³í: êөëäåíåң³íåí æәíå ұçûíûíàí çåðòòåó òүð³íäå. Åң қàðàïàéûì òүð³- êөëäåíåң³íåí (á³ðñәòò³ê) çåðòòåó, áұë êåçäå әð òүðë³ ôàêòîðëàðäûң õàëûқ äåíñàóëûғûíà òèã³çãåí әñåð³, çåðòòåó êåç³íäå áàғàëàíàäû, ÿғíè äèíàìèêàñûíäà áàқûëàó æүðã³ç³ëìåéä³. Êөëäåíåң³íåí çåðòòåóä³ áàðëûқ óàқûòòà æүðã³çóãå áîëàäû, á³ðàқ îíûң ìүìê³íø³ë³ã³ øåêòåóë³, ñåáåá³, òåðåң³ðåê çåðòòåóëåðä³ қàæåò åòåò³í ìәñåëåëåðä³ ñàëûñòûðìàëû òүðäå òåç àíûқòàóғà ìүìê³íä³ê áåðñå äå, îë õàëûқòûң äåíñàóëûқ æàғäàéûíûң áұçûëóû ìåí ôàêòîðëàðäûң әñåð³í³ң àðàñûíäàғû áàéëàíûñòû äәëåëäåó үø³í æåòê³ë³êñ³ç. Ұçûíûíàí çåðòòåóëåð äåï, æåòê³ë³êò³ äәðåæåäå ұçàқ óàқûò áîéûíà æүðã³ç³ëåò³í çåðòòåóëåðä³ òүñ³íåä³. Îëàðäû ðåòðîñïåêòèâò³ æәíå ïðîñïåêòèâò³ äåï áөëåä³. Ðåòðîñïåêòèâò³ çåðòòåóëåð, àóðóäûң äàìó ñåáåïòåð³í ³çäåóãå áàғûòòàëғàí, ÿғíè áåð³ëãåí ñәòòåã³ (óàқûò êåçåң³íäå) áàéқàëғàí àóðóëàðäàí çåðòòåóø³, áұðûí áîëғàí әñåðëåðä³ òàëäàóғà өòåä³. Ïðîñïåêòèâò³ çåðòòåóëåð êåç³íäå áåëã³ë³ á³ð óàқûò àðàëûғû өòêåííåí êåé³í ïàéäà áîëàòûí äåíñàóëûқ æàғäàéûíäàғû өçãåð³ñòåð ìåí ôàêòîðëàðäûң әñåð³ àðàñûíäàғû ñåáåï-ñàëäàðëûқ áàéëàíûñòû àíûқòàó ìàқñàòûíäà, áåëã³ë³ á³ð ôàêòîðäûң әñåð³íå ұøûðàғàí æәíå ұøûðàìàғàí õàëûқòûң òîïòàðûíà ұçàқ óàқûò äèíàìèêàëûқ áàқûëàó æүðã³ç³ëåä³.
Ãèãèåíàëûқ ýêñïåðèìåíò әä³ñ³. Ãèãèåíàëûқ ýêñïåðèìåíòò³ òàáèғè íåìåñå çåðòõàíà æàғäàéûíäà æүðã³çåä³. Òàáèғè ýêñïåðèìåíò äåï, ñûðòқû îðòà ôàêòîðëàðûíûң àäàìäàðäûң äåíñàóëûғûíà òèã³çåò³í әñåð³í çåðòòåóä³ íåìåñå øûíàéû åңáåê æàғäàéûíäà íåìåñå òұðìûñòûқ ³ñ-әðåêåò æàғäàéû ìåí өì³ð ñүðó æàғäàéûíäàғû ñûðòқû îðòà ôàêòîðëàðûí çåðòòåóä³ àéòàäû. Òàáèғè ýêñïåðèìåíò æàғäàéûíäà àëûíғàí ìәë³ìåòòåðä³, әä³ñòåìåë³ê ұñûíûñòàðäû, íұñқàóëàðäû, ñàíèòàðëûқ åðåæåëåðä³ äàéûíäàó үø³í, өíä³ð³ñ өíåðêәñ³ïòåð³íå æàңà òåõíîëîãèÿëûқ үðä³ñòåðä³ åíã³çó үø³í, ñàíèòàðëûқ қîðғàíûñ àéìàқòàðûíûң өëøåì³í àíûқòàó æәíå áàñқàëàð үø³í қîëäàíàäû. Ñîíûìåí á³ðãå, òàáèғè ýêñïåðèìåíòòå àäàìғà æәíå қîðøàғàí îðòàғà êөï ôàêòîðëàð әñåð åòó³ êåç³íäå, îëàðäûң ³ø³íåí äåíñàóëûқòûң áұçûëûñòàðû äàìóûíäà қàíäàé äà á³ð æåêå ôàêòîðäûң ìàңûçäûëûғûí áөë³ï êөðñåòó, îíûң әñåð åòó ñèïàòû ìåí қàó³ïñ³ç äåңãåé³í àíûқòàó, ôàêòîðäûң ñûðòқû îðòàäà қàíäàé өçãåð³ñòåðãå òүñåò³í³í, ò.á. áàғàëàó қèûíғà ñîғàäû.
Ñîíäûқòàí, áұë ñұðàқòàðäû øåøó êåç³íäå çåðòõàíàëûқ ãèãèåíàëûқ ýêñïåðèìåíò æîғàðû áàғàëàíàäû. Çåðòõàíàëûқ ýêñïåðèìåíòòå үðä³ñòåð ìîäåëüäåíåä³, îëàð êåëåñ³ ìәñåëåëåðä³ çåðòòåóãå ìүìê³íä³ê áåðåä³:
· ôàêòîðëàðäûң õàëûқòûң äåíñàóëûғûíà әñåð³ ò³êåëåé ìå, әëäå áàñқà îðòà àðқûëû ìà;
· ñûðòқû îðòà ôàêòîðëàðûíûң өçäåð³í æәíå îëàðäûң қîðøàғàí îðòàíûң ñàíäûқ æәíå ñàïàëûқ ïàðàìåòðëåð³íå òèã³çåò³í әñåð³í çåðòòåóãå ìүìê³íä³ê áåðåä³.
Ãèãèåíàëûқ çåðòõàíàëûқ ýêñïåðèìåíòò³ң ìàқñàòû- ôàêòîðëàðäûң қàó³ïñ³ç ìөëøåð³ ìåí äåңãåéëåð³í, ÿғíè ãèãèåíàëûқ íîðìàòèâòåðä³ îðíàòó үø³í, îëàðäûң әñåð åòó ñèïàòû ìåí қàó³ïò³ë³ã³í àíûқòàó áîëûï òàáûëàäû. Ôàêòîðäûң àäàìíûң äåíñàóëûғûíà әñåð³í çåðòòåóүø³í, әäåòòå, åê³ òүðë³ ýêñïåðèìåíò қîéûëàäû: өç åðê³ìåí êåë³ñêåí àäàìäàðғà æәíå æàíóàðëàðғà. Æàíóàðëàðғà æүðã³ç³ëãåí ýêñïåðèìåíòòåí àëûíғàí ìәë³ìåòòåðä³ әð³ қàðàé àäàìäàðғà ýêñòðàïîëÿöèÿëàéäû. Àäàìäàðғà çåðòòåóëåð æүðã³çóãå, òåê òîëûқ қàó³ïñ³çä³ê êåï³ëä³ã³ áîëғàí æàғäàéäà ғàíà ðұқñàò åò³ëåä³. Ìұíäàé çåðòòåó òүðëåð³íå, ìûñàëû, àòìîñôåðà ëàñòàíóûíûң è³ñ òàáàëäûðûғûí (è³ñ ñåçó³í) àíûқòàó, æàðûқòûң, øóäûң íåìåñå ä³ð³ëä³ң æәíå ò.á. әñåð³íå êөðó æәíå åñòó ðåàêöèÿëàðûí çåðòòåó æàòàäû.
Æàíóàðëàðғà ýêñïåðèìåíò, õèìèÿëûқ ôàêòîðëàðäû ãèãèåíàëûқ íîðìàëàó ìàқñàòûíäà æè³ æүðã³ç³ëåä³. Әäåòòå, áұë ôàêòîðëàðäûң æåäåë, æåäåëäåó æәíå ñîçûëìàëû әñåðëåð³ çåðòòåëåä³, æåäåë æәíå ñîçûëìàëû әñåðëåð³í³ң òàáàëäûðûғû ìèíèìàëäû әñåð åòåò³í ìөëøåð³ àíûқòàëàäû, àғçàäà æèíàëàòûí қàá³ëåò³, ñïåöèôèêàëûқ æәíå әñåð³íåí á³ðàç óàқûò өòêåííåí êåé³íã³ ñàëäàðû – ìóòàãåíä³ê, ýìáðèîòîêñèíä³ê, êàíöåðîãåíä³ әñåðëåð³ çåðòòåëåä³, ñîäàí ñîң àëûíғàí ìәë³ìåòòåðä³ң íåã³ç³íäå, әñåð³í³ң қàó³ïñ³ç äåңãåé³í – ØÐÅÊ åñåïòåï òàáàäû.
Îðòàíûң ôàêòîðëàðûíûң өç³í çåðòòåó æәíå îëàðäûң қîðøàғàí îðòà íûñàíäàðûíà әñåð³í çåðòòåó æөí³íäåã³ çåðòõàíàëûқ ýêñïåðèìåíò, çåðòõàíàëûқ ìîäåëüä³ê құðûëғûëàðäà íåìåñå æàðòûëàé өíä³ð³ñò³ê құðûëғûëàðäà æүðã³ç³ëåä³. Ìûñàëû, ýêçîãåíä³ õèìèÿëûқ çàòòàðäûң òîïûðàқòàí өñ³ìä³êòåðãå өòó³í çåðòòåó үø³í, àðíàéû ôèòîêëèìàòòûқ êàìåðà æàñàéäû, îë æåðäå òîïûðàққà çåðòòåëåò³í õèìèÿëûқ çàòòû қîñàäû äà, ñîäàí ñîң, îñû òîïûðàқòà өñ³ð³ëãåí өñ³ìä³êòå ñîë õèìèÿëûқ çàòòûң ìөëøåð³í àíûқòàéäû.
Ñàíèòàðëûқ ñàðàïòàó әä³ñ³. Ñàíèòàðëûқ ñàðàïòàó – áұë ñàíèòàðëûқ-ãèãèåíàëûқ òàëàïòàðғà ñàé êåëó³ òóðàëû çåðòòåóëåð æүðã³çó æәíå қîðûòûíäû áåðó. Ñàíèòàðëûқ ñàðàïòàó әä³ñ³, íåã³ç³íåí àëäûí àëó (ñàқòûқ) ìàқñàòûíäàғû áàқûëàóäû æүðã³çó êåç³íäå қîëäàíûëàäû, ÿғíè íûñàíäû ïàéäàëàíóғà áåðóãå äåé³í íåìåñå әð òүðë³ өí³ì òүðëåð³, ìàòåðèàëäàðäû, өí³ìäåðä³ òұòûíóøûëàðғà өòê³çãåíãå äåé³í áàқûëàó æүðã³çó êåç³íäå қîëäàíûëàäû. Ñàíèòàðëûқ ñàðàïòàóғà æàòàòûíäàð:
· åëä³ ìåêåíäåðä³ң æîñïàðû ìåí құðûëûñûíûң æîáàëàðû;
· êîììóíàëäûқ, òұðғûí үé æәíå өíåðêәñ³ï құðûëûñòàðûíûң æîáàëàðû;
· құðûëûñқà æåð òåë³ì³í òàңäàó æәíå áөëó;
· íûñàíäàðäûң құðûëûñû, қàéòà құðó æәíå ïàéäàëàíóғà áåðó êåçåңäåð³;
· àóûç ñóû, ñóñûíäàð, òàғàìäûқ àçûқòàð;
· ûäûñòûң, æàáäûқòàðäûң æәíå áóûï-òүéåò³í çàòòàðäûң æàңà òүðëåð³, құðûëûñ ìàòåðèàëäàðû;
· æàңà òåõíîëîãèÿëûқ үðä³ñòåð;
· áàëàëàðäûң îéûíøûқòàðû, ê³òàïòàðû æәíå êè³ìäåð³ æәíå áàñқàëàð.
Ñàíèòàðëûқ ñàðàïòàó, әäåòòå á³ðíåøå êåçåңäåðä³ қàìòèäû. Òàғàìäûқ àçûқòàðäû ñàíèòàðëûқ ñàðàïòàóäà, àëäûìåí æîëäàìà құæàòòàðûíàí àçûқ-òүë³ê òóðàëû ìәë³ìåòòåð çåðòòåëåä³, ñîäàí ñîң өç îðíûíäà àçûқòàðäûң ïàðòèÿñûí қàðàó æәíå çåðòõàíàëûқ çåðòòåóëåð үø³í ñûíàìà àëó æүðã³ç³ëåä³. Çåðòõàíàëûқ çåðòòåó êåç³íäå àëäûíà қîéғàí ì³íäåò³íå áàéëàíûñòû, әð òүðë³ әä³ñòåð – ôèçèêî-õèìèÿëûқ, áàêòåðèîëîãèÿëûқ, ãåëüìèíòîëîãèÿëûқ æәíå áàñқà äà әä³ñòåð қîëäàíûëàäû. Çåðòõàíàëûқ çåðòòåó ìәë³ìåòåð³í àëғàííàí êåé³í, ñàíèòàðëûқ ñàðàïòàó àêò³ñ³, æàçûëàäû, îíäà àçûқòûң ñàïàñû áàғàëàíàäû æәíå îíûң òàìàқòàíóғà æàðàìäûëûғû æәíå өòê³çó æîëäàðû òóðàëû қîðûòûíäû æàñàëàäû.
Ñîíûìåí, ñàíèòàðëûқ ñàðàïòàó, õàëûқòûң äåíñàóëûқ æàғäàéû өçãåðó³í³ң (áұçûëóûíûң) àëäûí àëóғà ìүìê³íä³ê áåðåò³í òè³ìä³ әä³ñòåðä³ң á³ð³ áîëûï òàáûëàäû, ñåáåá³, îíûң êөï áөë³ã³ çèÿíäû ôàêòîðëàðäûң àëäûí àëóғà ìүìê³íä³ê áåðåò³í êåçåңäåð³íäå æүðã³ç³ëåä³.
3. Ñàíèòàðëûқ-ýïèäåìèîëîãèÿëûқ қûçìåò æәíå îíûң õàëûқòûң äåíñàóëûғûí ñàқòàó ìåí íûғàéòóäàғû ðөë³.
Ãèãèåíà ñàíèòàðëûқ - ãèãèåíàëûқ æәíå ýïèäåìèÿғà қàðñû øàðàëàðäû ғûëûìè òұðғûäàí íåã³çäåóìåí àéíàëûñàäû. Ãèãèåíàëûқ ³ñ-әðåêåòòåðä³ң ïðàêòèêàëûқ æàғû - ñàíèòàðèÿ äåï àòàëàäû (ëàòûí ñөç³íåí «sanitas» -«äåíñàóëûқ»). Æàëïû àëғàíäà, ñàíèòàðèÿ – áұë, ãèãèåíàëûқ íîðìàòèâòåðä³ң, òàëàïòàðäûң, åðåæåëåðä³ң ñàқòàëóûí áàқûëàéòûí æүéå, îíû ñàíèòàðëûқ –ýïèäåìèîëîãèÿëûқ қûçìåò ³ñêå àñûðàäû. Қàçàқñòàí Ðåñïóáëèêàñûíäàғû ñàíèòàðëûқ-ýïèäåìèîëîãèÿëûқ қûçìåòò³ң îðãàíäàðû ìåí ìåêåìåëåð æүéåñ³íå ê³ðåò³íäåð³: ҚÐ äåíñàóëûқ ñàқòàó Ìèíèñòðë³ã³í³ң Ìåìëåêåòò³ê ñàíèòàðëûқ-ýïèäåìèîëîãèÿëûқ áàқûëàó Êîìèòåò³í³ң қàðàìàғûíà ê³ðåò³í Қàçàқ Ðåñïóáëèêàëûқ ñàíèòàðëûқ-ýïèäåìèîëîãèÿëûқ ñòàíöèÿñû, қàëàëûқ äåïàðòàìåíòòåð ìåí áàñқàðìàëàð, àóäàíäûқ ñàí-ýïèä áàқûëàó áàñқàðìàñû. Әðá³ð áàñқàðìà өçäåð³íå òè³ñò³ ñàí-ýïèä ñàðàïòàó Îðòàëûқòàðûìåí қàòàð æұìûñ ³ñòåéä³.
Ñàíèòàðëûқ-ýïèäåìèîëîãèÿëûқ қûçìåòò³ң íåã³çã³ ì³íäåò³ ñàíèòàðëûқ çàңíàìàëàðäûң ñàқòàëóûí æәíå
· қîðøàғàí òàáèғè îðòàíûң – àòìîñôåðàëûқ àóàíûң, ñó êөçäåð³í³ң æәíå òîïûðàқòûң ëàñòàíóûíûң àëäûí àëóғà æәíå îíû æîþғà;
· åëä³ ìåêåíäåðä³ң, өíåðêәñ³ï êәñ³ïîðûíäàðûíûң, òұðғûí үéëåðä³ң, ìәäåíè-òұðìûñòûқ æәíå åìäåó-àëäûí àëó ìåêåìåëåð³í³ң құðûëûñûí ñàëó æәíå àáàòòàíäûðó êåç³íäå ñàíèòàðëûқ íîðìàëàð ìåí åðåæåëåðä³ң ñàқòàëóûí қàìòàìàñûç åòóãå;
· æàëïû æәíå êәñ³áè àóðóøàңäûқòûң àëäûí àëó æәíå îíû àçàéòó ìàқñàòûíäà õàëûқ øàðóàøûëûғûíûң әð òүðë³ ñàëàëàðûíäà æұìûñ ³ñòåéò³íäåðä³ң æұìûñ æàғäàéûí ñàóûқòûðóғà;
· áàëàëàð ìåí æàñөñï³ð³ìäåðä³ң äàìóû, îëàðäû îқûòó æәíå òәðáèåëåó үø³í қîëàéëû æàғäàé æàñàóғà;
· õàëûқòûң òұðìûñûí ñàíèòàðëûқ қîðғàóғà æәíå õàëûқòû ñàíèòàðëûқ àғàðòóғà;
· õàëûқòûң әð òүðë³ òîïòàðû үø³í ұòûìäû òàìàқòàíóäû ұéûìäàñòûðóғà, òàìàқòàíó æàғäàéûí ñàóûқòûðóғà, àëèìåíòàðëûқ àóðóëàðäûң, îíûң ³ø³íäå, òàìàқòàí óëàíóëàðäûң äà àëäûí àëóғà;
· ñàíèòàðëûқ-ýïèäåìèîëîãèÿëûқ àìàí-ñàóëûқòû, ÿғíè æұқïàëû æәíå ïàðàçèòò³ê àóðóëàðäûң àëäûí àëó ìåí æîþäû, êàðàíòèíä³ê èíôåêöèÿëàðäûң åëãå ê³ðó³í³ң àëäûí àëóäû қàìòàìàñûç åòóãå;
· ìåìëåêåòò³ң øåêàðàëàðûí ñàíèòàðëûқ қîðғàóғà áàғûòòàëғàí ñàíèòàðëûқ-ãèãèåíàëûқ æәíå ñàíèòàðëûқ-ýïèäåìèÿғà қàðñû øàðàëàðäûң æүðã³ç³ëó³ ìåìëåêåòò³ê ñàíèòàðëûқ қàäàғàëàó áîëûï òàáûëàäû.
Ñàíèòàðëûқ-ýïèäåìèîëîãèÿëûқ қûçìåò îðãàíäàðûíûң æұìûñû ìåìëåêåòò³ê ñèïàòòà áîëàäû. Åëä³ң àóìàғûíäà ³ñêå àñûðûëàòûí øàðàëàðäûң áәð³ äå, òåê ñàíèòàðëûқ-ýïèäåìèîëîãèÿëûқ қûçìåòò³ң ìàìàíäàðû ì³íäåòò³ òүðäå ãèãèåíàëûқ òұðғûäàí áàғàëàғàííàí êåé³í ғàíà æүðã³ç³ëåä³. Ñàíèòàðëûқ-ýïèäåìèîëîãèÿëûқ ìåêåìåëåð òåê ãèãèåíàëûқ íîðìàëàð ìåí åðåæåëåðä³ң ñàқòàëóûíà ғàíà áàқûëàó æүðã³ç³ï қîéìàéäû, ñîíûìåí қàòàð àéìàқòûң ñàíèòàðëûқ æàғäàéûí æәíå қûçìåò êөðñåòåò³í õàëûқòûң äåíñàóëûғûí çåðòòåï, òè³ñò³ øàðàëàð äàéûíäàéäû, îëàðäû æүðã³çåä³, ñîíäàé-àқ îëàðäûң òè³ìä³ë³ã³í áàғàëàéäû.
Ñàíèòàðëûқ áàқûëàóäû àëäûí àëó (ñàқòûқ) ìàқñàòûíäàғû æәíå àғûìäàғû (êүíäåë³êò³) áàқûëàó äåï åê³ òүðãå áөëåä³. Àëäûí àëó ìàқñàòûíäàғû ñàíèòàðëûқ áàқûëàó, æîғàðûäà àéòûëғàíäàé, íûñàíäàðäû ïàéäàëàíóäûң àëäûíäàғû íåìåñå өí³ìä³ òұòûíóøûëàð қîëäàíóûíûң àëäûíäàғû êåçåңäåð³íäå ³ñêå àñûðûëàäû. Àғûìäàғû ñàíèòàðëûқ áàқûëàó ïàéäàëàíûï îòûðғàí íûñàíäàðғà æүðã³ç³ëåä³ æәíå îëàðäûң әðқàéñûñûíûң өç³íå òәí åðåêøåë³êòåð³íå ñәéêåñ êåçåңìåí æүðã³ç³ëåä³. Àғûìäàғû ñàíèòàðëûқ áàқûëàóäû æүðã³çóãå åìäåó-àëäûí àëó ìåêåìåëåð³í³ң äәð³ãåðëåð³ ìåí îðòàңғû ìåäèöèíà қûçìåòêåðëåð³ êåң³íåí қàòûñòûðûëàäû. Ìûñàëû, äәð³ãåðëåð õàëûқòûң æåêå òîïòàðûíà äèñïàíñåðë³ê áàқûëàó æүðã³çåä³, àóðóäûң ñåáåïòåð³í àíûқòàó æәíå îëàðäûң äàìóûíûң àëäûí àëàòûí øàðàëàð қîëäàíó ìàқñàòûíäà, äåíñàóëûқ æàғäàéûíà òåðåңäåò³ëãåí ìåäèöèíàëûқ çåðòòåóëåð æүðã³çåä³.
Ñàíèòàðëûқ-ýïèäåìèîëîãèÿëûқ қûçìåò ³ñêå àñûðàòûí áàðëûқ øàðàëàð, àäàìíûң äåíñàóëûқ æàғäàéû áұçûëóûíûң àëäûí àëóғà áàғûòòàëғàí. Ìàçìұíû ìåí ì³íäåòòåð³ áîéûíøà, àóðóëàðäûң àëäûí àëóäû á³ð³íø³ë³ê, åê³íø³ë³ê, үø³íø³ë³ê äåï áөëåä³. Á³ð³íø³ë³ê àëäûí àëó - àóðóäûң ñåáåá³ íåìåñå қàó³ï-қàòåð ôàêòîðû áîëûï ñàíàëàòûí ôàêòîðëàðäû æîþғà íåìåñå қàó³ïñ³ç äåңãåéãå äåé³í òөìåíäåòóãå áàғûòòàëғàí. Áұë қîðøàғàí îðòàíû ñàóûқòûðóäû, õàëûқòûң ñàëàóàòòû өì³ð ñàëòûí ұòûìäû æұìûñ ðåæèì³ ìåí äåìàëó ðåæèì³í ұéûìäàñòûðó æөí³íäå øàðàëàð æүðã³çóä³ æәíå ò.á. қàðàñòûðàäû. Åê³íø³ë³ê àëäûí àëó - ñûðò êөð³í³ñ³ áîéûíøà, äåí³ ñàó àäàìäàðäà ïàòîëîãèÿíûң àëäûíäàғû æàғäàéäû åðòå àíûқòàóäàí æәíå áұë æàғäàéëàðäûң àóðóғà өòó³í³ң àëäûí àëó æөí³íäå øàðàëàð æүðã³çóäåí òұðàäû. Ìұíäàé øàðàëàðғà æàòàòûíäàð, ìûñàëû, æåêå áàñòû қîðғàéòûí çàòòàðäû қîëäàíó, æұìûñ ³ñòåóø³ëåð ìåí õàëûққà қàó³ïñ³ç æұìûñ òәñ³ëäåð³í үéðåòó, àíòèäîòòûқ òàìàқòàíó æәíå áàñқàëàð. Үø³íø³ë³ê àëäûí àëó (қàëïûíà êåëò³ðó)- àóûðғàí àäàìäàðғà æүðã³ç³ëåä³. Îíûң ìàқñàòû - àóðóäû åðòå àíûқòàó æәíå åìäåó, àóðóäûң әð³ қàðàé үäåó³í³ң æәíå îíûң ñàëäàðûíûң – àñқûíóûíûң, қàéòàëàíóûíûң, ñîçûëìàëû òүð³íå өòó³í³ң æәíå áàñқàëàðäûң àëäûí àëó. Åң òè³ìä³ñ³, äåí³ ñàó àäàìäà àóðó ïàéäà áîëóûíûң àëäûí àëàòûí á³ð³íø³ë³ê àóðóäûң àëäûí àëó, àë åң òè³ìä³ë³ã³ àçû – үø³íø³ë³ê àëäûí àëó, ñåáåá³, îë àóðó äàìûғàí êåçäå æүðã³ç³ëåä³. Ñîíûìåí, қîðøàғàí îðòàíû æәíå өì³ð ñүðó ñàëòûí ñàóûқòûðó, àóðøàңäûқ ïåí өë³ì-æ³ò³ìä³ 20-50% òөìåíäåòåò³í³ áåëã³ë³, àë åìäåó үðä³ñ³ áîëñà – òåê 10 % àçàéòàäû.
Ñàíèòàðëûқ-ýïèäåìèîëîãèÿëûқ қûçìåò өç³í³ң êүíäåë³êò³ æұìûñûíäà, àäàìäàðäûң ò³ðø³ë³ã³í³ң áàðëûқ òұñòàðûí қàìòèòûí ìåìëåêåòò³ң çàңäàðûíûң, үê³ìäåð³í³ң, æàðëûқòàðûíûң, íîðìàòèâò³ê æәíå íұñқàóëûқ құæàòòàðäûң æәíå áàñқàëàðäûң æèíàғû òүð³íäåã³ ñàíèòàðëûқ çàңíàìàëàðғà ñүéåíåä³. Àòàï àéòқàíäà, ñàíèòàðëûқ çàңíàìàëàðғà ê³ðåò³íäåð:
· «ҚÐ àçàìàòòàðäûң äåíñàóëûғûí қîðғàó òóðàëû», «Õàëûқòûң ñàíèòàðëûқ-ýïèäåìèîëîãèÿëûқ àìàí-ñàóëûғû òóðàëû», «ҚÐ Ýêîëîãèÿëûқ êîäåêñ³» æәíå áàñқà äà ҚÐ çàңäàðû;
· ҚÐ Ïðåçèäåíò³í³ң Æàðëûқòàðû æәíå ҚÐ үê³ìåò³í³ң Қàóëûëàðû;
· Ãèãèåíàëûқ íîðìàòèâòåð: ØÐÅÊ. ØÐÅÄ, ӘØÀҚÄ, ÄØ (äîçà øåêòåð³ – èîíäàғûø ñәóëåëåíóëåð үø³í) æәíå áàñқàëàð;
· Әð òүðë³ íûñàíäàðäû îðíàëàñòûðóғà, æîñïàðëàóғà, ñàëóғà, êåðåê-æàðàқïåí æàáäûқòàóғà æәíå ïàéäàëàíóғà қîéûëàòûí ãèãèåíàëûқ òàëàïòàð æàçûëғàí ñàíèòàðëûқ åðåæåëåð ìåí íîðìàëàð (ÑàíÅìåíÍ), құðûëûñ íîðìàëàðû ìåí åðåæåëåð³ (ҚÍìåíÅ) әä³ñòåìåë³ê íұñқàóëàð ìåí ұñûíûñòàð, åðåæå æèûíòûқòàðû, íұñқàóëàð;
· Òàғàìäûқ àçûқòàðäûң, ñó құáûðëàðû ñóëàðûíûң æәíå áàñқàëàðäûң ñàïàñûíà àðíàëғàí ìåìëåêåòò³ê ñòàíäàðòòàð (ÃÎÑÒ-òàð), ñàëàëûқ ñòàíäàðòòàð (ÑÑÒ-òàð), øèê³çàòòàðғà, өí³ìäåðãå, æàáäûқòàðғà àðíàëғàí òåõíèêàëûқ øàðòòàð.
Çàңíàìàëûқ құæàòòàðғà ê³ðåò³í құæàòòàðäû ãèãèåíàëûқ ғûëûìè çåðòòåó ìåêåìåëåð³ íåìåñå ãèãèåíà ìàìàíäàðûíûң қàòûñóûìåí, áàñқà âåäîìñòâîëàð äàéûíäàéäû æәíå áұë құæàòòàðäûң áàðëûқ êәñ³ïîðûíäàð, ìåêåìåëåð æәíå ұéûìäàð үø³í çàңäûқ êүø³ áàð.
I - ÒÀÐÀÓ. ÃÈÃÈÅÍÀÍÛҢ ÄÀÌÓ ÒÀÐÈÕÛ
1. Àëғàøқû қàóûìäûқ æәíå құë èåëåíóø³ë³ê қîғàìäàðäàғû ãèãèåíàíûң äàìóû. Ãèãèåíàíûң ïàéäà áîëóû ìåí äàìóûíûң êөï ғàñûðëûқ òàðèõû áàð. Àëғàøқû қàóûìäûқ құðûëûñòà, îíûң íåã³çã³ áàñòàóû êөïòåãåí ұðïàқòàðäûң áүê³ë өì³ð³ áîéûíäà áàéқàó àðқûëû àëûíғàí ýìïèðèêàëûқ (òәæ³ðèáåë³) á³ë³ì áîëäû. Îñû á³ë³ìäåðä³ң íåã³ç³íäå äàғäûëàð, äәñòүðëåð, äåíñàóëûқòû ñàқòàó ìåí àóðóäûң àëäûí àëóғà ñåïò³ã³í òèã³çãåí ä³íè өê³ìäåð ïàéäà áîëäû. Åðòå óàқûòòàðäûң өç³íäå-àқ, àëäûí àëó øàðàëàðûíûң ìàңûçäû ðîë³í æåòå òүñ³íä³. Үéëåðä³, äåíåí³ òàçà ұñòàó, òîïûðàқòû ëàñòàìàó, òàìàққà қàó³ïñ³ç өñ³ìä³ê æәíå æàíóàð òåêò³ àçûқòàðäû ïàéäàëàíó, àóûç ñóäû àëó үø³í, áàòïàқòàëìàғàí өçåíäåð ìåí êөëäåðä³ òàңäàó, æұïàëû àóðóëàðû áàð íàóқàñòàðäû îқøàóëàó æәíå ò.á. ұñûíûëäû.
Құëèåëåíóø³ë³êêåçåңäåã³ ýìïèðèêàëûқ ãèãèåíàíûң äàìóû òóðàëû Åðòåäåã³ Øûғûñ (Åðòåäåã³ Үíä³ñòàí, Åðòåäåã³ Қûòàé, Åðòåäåã³ Ìûñûð), Åðòåäåã³ Ãðåöèÿ æәíå Åðòåäåã³ Ðèì åëäåð³íäå êåң³íåí òàðàëғàí àëäûí àëó øàðàëàðû æөí³íäåã³ îéëàð àéқûí êóә áîëà àëàäû.
Á³çä³ң ýðàғà äåé³íã³ (á.ý.ä.) 4-3 ìûң æûëäàðû Åðòåäåã³ Үíä³ñòàíäà қîëäàíûëғàí ãèãèåíàëûқ åðåæåëåð êåé³í³ðåê (á.ý.ä. 1000-500 æûëäàðû) Ìàíó ìåí Àþðâåäó çàңäàðû æèíàғûíà æәíå áàñқà äà òàðèõè çàңíàìà êөçäåðä³ң құðàìûíà ê³ðä³. Îë çàңäàðäà үéëåðä³ òàçà ұñòàó, òұðìûñòûқ қàëäûқòàðäû òұðғûí үéëåðäåí қàøûқ æåðãå òөãó, òàìàқòû àðòûқ ³øïåó ұñûíûëғàí. Ñîíûìåí қàòàð, äåíåí³, àñ ³øåò³í ûäûñòàðäû қàëàé òàçà ұñòàó êåðåêò³ã³ æөí³íäå íàқòû äàéûíäàëғàí åðåæåëåð êåëò³ð³ëãåí. Ñүò, áàë, áàëàóñà өñ³ìä³êò³ òàғàìäû ïàéäàëàíó, ïàéäàëû äåï åñåïòåëãåí, àäàì äåíñàóëûғûíà æûë ìåçã³ë³í³ң, àóà ðàéû ìåí êëèìàòòûң әñåð åòåò³íä³ã³ êөðñåò³ëãåí. Қîғàìäûқ ãèãèåíàғà äà êөï êөң³ë áөë³íãåí. Á.ý.ä. 4-3 ìûң æûëäàð áұðûí Үíä³ñòàííûң Ñîëòүñò³ê Áàòûñûíäàғû Ìîõåíäæî-Äàðî қàëàñûíäà қàëàëûқ êàíàëèçàöèÿ, құäûқòàð, øîìûëàòûí õàóûçäàð, ñîíûìåí қàòàð, ûñòûқ àóàìåí қûçäûðûëғàí ìîíøàëàð äà áîëғàí.
Áàëøûқ құáûðëàðäàí æàñàëғàí ñó құáûðëàð ìåí êàíàëèçàöèÿ құáûðëàðûíûң, қàòòû çàò òөñåëãåí æîëäàðäûң қàëäûқòàðû Âàâèëîí æәíå Ìåññîïàòàìèÿäàғû Íèíåâèÿäà қàçó æұìûñòàðû êåç³íäå òàáûëғàí. Àë, Àññèðî-Âàâèëîí ìåìëåêåò³í³ң құæàòòàðûíäà á.ý.ä. 3-4 ìûң æûëäàðû ýïèäåìèÿ êåç³íäå æұқïàëû àóðóû áàð íàóқàñòàðäû îқøàóëàó òóðàëû çàңäàðû áîëғàí.
Åðòåäåã³ Ìûñûðäà á.ý.ä. 4-5 ìûң æûëäàð áұðûí àóðóäûң àëäûí àëó ìàқñàòûíäà óқàëàó, äәðåò àëóäû êåң³íåí қîëäàíғàí, ³ø àéäàéòûí, çәð àéäàéòûí æәíå òåð øûғàðàòûí çàòòàðäû қîëäàíғàí. Ñîë óàқûòòûң өç³íäå-àқ æåêå áàñ ãèãèåíàñû, æûíûñ ãèãèåíàñû, íàóқàñòàðäû îқøàóëàó, өëãåí àäàìäàðäû æåðëåó ñұðàқòàðûíà қàòûñòû ұñûíûñòàð áîëғàí. Êөøåëåðä³ құðó æәíå êүò³ï ұñòàó, òîïûðàқòû құðғàòó æөí³íäå àðíàéû åðåæåëåð áîëғàí. Àқñүéåêòåð òұðàòûí ñàðàéëàð ìåí àóìàқòàðäà ñó құáûðëàðû æәíå ñàíèòàðëûқ òұðғûäàí àáàòòàíäûðóäûң áàñқà äà ýëåìåíòòåð³ æàñàëғàí. Á.ý.ä. 5 ғàñûðäà өì³ð ñүðãåí, Ìûñûðäà ñàÿõàò æàñàғàí ãðåê òàðèõøûñû Ãåðîäîò ìûñûðëûқòàðäû «åң äåí³ ñàó àäàìäàð» äåï òұæûðûìäàғàí.
Åðòåäåã³ Қûòàéäà «äåíñàóëûқ үø³í ïàéäàëû æәíå çèÿíäû êөïòåãåí æàғäàéëàð òóðàëû» æәíå «àäàì äåíåñ³íäå әë³ äå æîқ» àóðóëàðäûң àëäûí àëó қàæåòò³ë³ã³ òóðàëû àíûқ æәíå ñàíàëû òүñ³í³êòåð қàëûïòàñòû. Äåíñàóëûқòû íûғàéòó ìàқñàòûíäà ñó ïðîöåäóðàëàðû, àøûқ êүí êөç³íäå áîëó, óқàëàó, æàòòûғóëàð, әð ³ñòå ñàíàëû òүðäå øåêòåí øûқïàó, äұðûñ êүí òәðò³á³, ðàöèîíàëäû åì-äәìäåð ұñûíûëäû. Қîғàìäûқ àáàòòàíäûðó ýëåìåíòòåð³íå äå àç êөң³ë áөë³íãåí æîқ. Åëä³ ìåêåíäåðä³, үéëåðä³ ðàöèîíàëäû îðíàëàñòûðó, àóûç ñóìåí қàìòàìàñûç åòó, òұðìûñòûқ қàëäûқòàðäû æîþ åðåæåëåð³ áîëäû.
Åðòåäåã³ Ãðåöèÿäà ãèãèåíàëûқ á³ë³ì êåң³íåí äàìûäû. Åðòåäåã³ ãðåêòåð æåêå áàñ ãèãèåíàñûí ñàқòàóìåí қàòàð, қîғàìäûқ ãèãèåíàíû ñàқòàóäà äà òàáûñқà æåòò³. Æåêåëåãåí àóìàқòàðäà (қàëàëàð-ìåìëåêåòòåðäå) á.ý.ä. VII ғàñûðäûң өç³íäå- àқ ñó àëàòûí îðûíäàðû áàð ñó құáûðëàðû áîëғàí. Á.ý.ä. VI ғàñûðäà қàëàëàðäûң æàңà æîñïàðëàðû ïàéäà áîëäû, ìұíäà òұðғûí àóìàқòàð êåң, ò³ê êөøåëåðìåí қèûëûñòû. Ìұíäàé æîñïàð òұðғûëûқòû àóìàқòàðäûң æàқñû æåëäåò³ëó³íå æәíå æàðûқ òүñó³íå ñåïò³ã³í òèã³çä³. Àôèíûäà êàíàëèçàöèÿ ñàëûíäû. Òàғàìäûқ àçûқòàð ìåí ñóñûíäàðäûң ñàòûëóûíà, ғèìàðàòòàðäûң îðíàëàñóû ìåí құðûëûñûíà ñàíèòàðëûқ áàқûëàóëàð æүðã³ç³ë³ï îòûðäû.
Åðòåäåã³ ãðåêòåð «äåíå êүøòåð³í³ң æîғàðғû äåңãåéäå äàìóûíà, àғçàíûң áүò³íä³ã³ ìåí ñұëóëûғûíà, әñ³ðåñå, æàñòàðäà ұìòûëûñ áîëғàíäûғûìåí» åðåêøåëåíä³. (Ô.Ô.Ýðèñìàí). Îғàí äåíå æàòòûғóëàðûíà, ãèìíàñòèêàғà, øûíûғóғà íåã³çäåëãåí ñïàðòàíäûқ òәðáèå àðқûëû, æàðûñòàðғà қàòûñó, «ãèãèàñòèêòåð» äåï àòàëàòûí, äåí³ ñàó àäàìäàðғà àðíàëғàí «äèåòåòèêòåðä³» ñàқòàó àðқûëû қîë æåòê³çãåí.
Á.ý.ä. V-IV ғàñûðëàðäà Åðòåäåã³ Ãðåöèÿäà æèíàëғàí ãèãèåíàëûқ á³ë³ìäåðä³ қîðûòàòûí, æүéåãå êåëò³ðåò³í á³ð³íø³ åңáåêòåð ïàéäà áîëäû. Îë åңáåêòåðä³ң àâòîðû, åðòåäåã³ àòàқòû äәð³ãåð Ãèïïîêðàò (á.ý.ä. 460-377 ææ.) áîëäû. Өç³í³ң àòàқòû «Àóà, ñó æәíå æåðã³ë³êò³ æåðëåð æөí³íäåã³», «Ñàëàóàòòû өì³ð ñүðó ñàëòû» òðàêòàòòàðûíäà Ãèïïîêðàò àäàìíûң ò³ðø³ë³ã³ үø³í àóà, ñó æәíå òîïûðàқòûң ìàңûçûí қàðàñòûðäû æәíå äәð³ãåðëåðãå êëèìàòòû, æåðã³ë³êò³ æåðä³ң æàғäàéëàðûí, өì³ð ñүðó ñàëòûí, õàëûқòû òàìàқòàíäûðó æәíå ò.á. çåðòòåóä³ ұñûíäû. Îë äåí³ ñàó àäàìäàðäûң àóûðìàóû үø³í æàғäàé æàñàóëàðû æөí³íäå êåңåñ áåðä³.
Åðòåäåã³ Ðèìäå қîғàìäûқ ãèãèåíàíûң äàìóû áұðûíғûäàí äà өðêåíäåä³. 30-ғà æóûқ àêâåäóêòàð, ÿғíè ñó құáûðëàðû òàðòûëäû. Îëàðäûң á³ð³íø³ñ³ á.ý.ä. 614 æûëû àðêàíûң үñò³íäå îðíàòûëäû, îëàðäûң áè³êò³ã³ 30 ì-ãå äåé³í æåòò³. Қàëàғà òәóë³ã³íå, àäàì áàñûíà 1000 ë äåé³í òàó ñóû áåð³ë³ï îòûðäû. Ñұéûқ ëàñ çàòòàð æәíå æàóûí-øàøûí ñóëàðû òàðìàқòàíғàí æàñûðûí құáûðëàð àðқûëû àëûñқà àғûçûëûï, åí³ 4 ìåòð, áè³êò³ã³ 5 ìåòðä³ àëàòûí үëêåí құáûðëûқ êîëëåêòîðғà æèíàëûï, Òèáð өçåí³íå àғûçûëûï æ³áåð³ë³ï îòûðäû. Àêâåäóêòàð æәíå êàíàëèçàöèÿëûқ құðûëûñòàð Ðèìäå қàç³ðã³ óàқûòқà äåé³í ñàқòàëғàí. Îëàð êөíå çàìàíäàғû ñàíèòàðëûқ-òåõíèêàëûқ құðûëûñòàðäûң êөðíåêò³ åñêåðòê³øòåð³ áîëûï òàáûëàäû.
Òàìàøà ñàóûқòûðàòûí êåøåíäåð - òåðìàëàð (ìîíøàëàð) áîëäû. Áұíäàé ìîíøàëàðғà, á³ð óàқûòòà 1800 æәíå 3200 àäàì ñóғà òүñóãå áîëàòûí. Òåðìàëàðäà ñóûқ æәíå ûñòûқ ìîíøàëàð, õàóûç, óқàëàóғà àðíàëғàí àðíàéû áөëìåëåð³, ñåðóåíäåóãå àðíàëғàí æîëäàð, ãèìíàñòèêà çàëû, ñòàäèîíäàðû áîëäû.
Åðòåäåã³ Ðèìäå құðûëûñқà, òàғàìäûқ өí³ìäåðä³ ñàòóғà, әñêåðëåðä³ң òàìàқòàíóûíà, Òèáð өçåí³í³ң ñóûí ïàéäàëàíóғà, өëãåí àäàìäàðäû æåðëåóãå қîéûëàòûí òàëàïòàðäû àíûқòàéòûí çàңäàð áîëäû. Áұë òàëàïòàðäûң îðûíäàëóûí áàқûëàóäû àðíàéû áөë³íãåí қàëàëûқ ÷èíîâíèêòåð æүðã³çä³. Êүìәíñ³ç æåò³ñò³êòåð³íå қàðàìàñòàí, Åðòå äүíèåäåã³ ìåìëåêåòòåðäå ãèãèåíàëûқ á³ë³ìäåðä³ң äåңãåé³ әë³ äå òөìåí áîëäû. Àë, åíã³ç³ëãåí қîғàìäûқ æәíå æåêå áàñ ñàíèòàðèÿëàðûíûң ýëåìåíòòåð³, òåê áàé àäàìäàð үø³í ғàíà áîëäû. Ñîíäûқòàí, қûðғûí ýïèäåìèÿëûқ æàғäàéëàð áîëûï òұðäû, àë àäàìäàðäûң îðòàøà өì³ð ñүðó ұçàқòûғû 25-30 æàñòû ғàíà құðäû.
2. Ãèãèåíàëûқ á³ë³ìäåðä³ң îðòà ғàñûðëàðäàғû (á.ý.ä. VIXIVææ.) æәíå ôåîäàëèçì ìåí өíä³ð³ñò³ê êàïèòàëèçìãå өòó êåçåң³íäåã³ (á.ý.ä. XV-XVIII ææ.)äàìóû.
Ôåîäàëèçì äәó³ð³íäå Áàòûñ Åóðîïàäà өì³ð ñүðóä³ң áàðëûқ ñàëàëàðûíäà, îíûң ³ø³íäå ãèãèåíàíûң äàìóûíäà äà, қàðàңғû äàғäàðûñ æәíå құëäûðàó êåçåң³ áàñòàëäû. Құä³ðåòò³ ø³ðêåó àóðóëàðäû åìäåóãå òûéûì ñàëäû, ñåáåá³, áұë «құäàéäûң ³ñ³íå àðàëàñó» äåï åñåïòåä³, àë åìäåãåí àäàìäàðäû қàòàң қóғûíғà ұøûðàòòû, àñêåòèçìä³ óàғûçäàï, áàðëûқ ãèãèåíàëûқ øàðàëàðäàí áàñ òàðòóғà øàқûðäû. Îñûíûң íәòèæåñ³íäå, åðòåäåã³ ãèãèåíàíûң áàðëûқ åðåæåëåð³ ұìûòûëà æәíå æîéûëà áàñòàäû, àë îðòà ғàñûðëûқ қàëàëàð æұқïàëû àóðóëàðäûң íàғûç îðäàñûíà àéíàëäû. Òұðғûí үéëåð òàð, қèñûқ, ëàñ êөøåëåðäå ñûғûëûñà îðíàëàñòû. Қàëäûқòàð ìåí æóûíäûëàð òåðåçåëåðäåí òàñòàëäû. Æàðûқòàíäûðó үø³í ìàé øàìäàðû ìåí øûðàқòàð қîëäàíûëäû, íәòèæåñ³íäå ìүңê³ãåí ñàñûқ òүò³í òұðäû, àë àéíàëàíûң áәð³í қàðà êүéå áàñòû. Ñèðåê, ñó құÿòûí àғàø ûäûñòà æóûíäû, қîғàìäûқ ìîíøàëàð áîëìàäû.
Ñàíèòàðèÿíûң ìүëäåì áîëìàóû, îðòà ғàñûðäû ò³ò³ðåíòêåí îáàíûң, ñүçåêò³ң, òûðûñқàқòûң, øåøåêò³ң, äèçåíòåðèÿíûң қûðғûí ýïèäåìèÿëàðûíûң áàñòû ñåáåïòåð³í³ң á³ð³ áîëäû. 14-ø³ ғàñûðäà îáà àóðóûíàí Åóðîïàäàғû 100 ìèëëèîí õàëûқòûң òөðòòåí á³ð áөë³ã³ өëä³.
Åóðîïàäà îñû êåçåңäå òåê қàíà Ñàëåðíîäà, Íåàïîëüãå æàқûí æåðäå, á³ð ìåäèöèíà ìåêòåá³ áîëäû. (XII ғ.). Îë ìåêòåïò³ң ғàëûìäàðû æүçäåãåí æûëäàð áîéûíà, құðàìûíà ãèãèåíàëûқ ñèïàòòàғû ìûңäàғàí өëåңäåð ê³ðåò³í, «Ñàëåðíä³ê äåíñàóëûқ êîäåêñ³í» æèíàқòàäû. «Êîäåêñ» åóðîïàëûқ ò³ëäåðãå àóäàðûëûï, æүçäåãåí ðåò қàéòà áàñûëûï øûғàðûëäû.
Îðòà ғàñûðäà, Åóðîïàғà қàðàғàíäà, Øûғûñòà á³ë³ìí³ң әð òүðë³ ñàëàëàðûíûң, îíûң ³ø³íäå ìåäèöèíà ғûëûìû ìåí ãèãèåíàíûң äà, өðêåíäåãåí êåçåң³ áîëäû. Ñîë óàқûòòàðäà өì³ð ñүðãåí (980-1037ææ.) ³ð³ ғàëûì, àòàқòû äәð³ãåð - òәæ³ê Әáó Әëè Èáí-Ñèíà (Àâèöåííà) áүê³ë әëåìãå áåëã³ë³ áîëäû. Îíûң 5 òîìäûқ ³ðãåë³ øûғàðìàñûíäà «Äәð³ãåðë³ê ғûëûìíûң Êàíîíûíäà» ãèãèåíàíûң êөïòåãåí ñұðàқòàðû áàÿíäàëàäû. Ìûñàëû, Àâèöåííà ìåêåíäåéò³í æåð³í³ң àäàìäàðäûң äåíñàóëûғûíà êөï әñåð åòåò³í³íå үëêåí êөң³ë áөëåä³ æәíå қàç³ðã³ òàëàïòàðғà æàқûí ұñûíûñòàð áåðåä³: «Ê³ìäå-ê³ì өç³íå ìåêåíäåéò³í æåð òàңäàéòûí áîëñà, îë æåðäåã³ òîïûðàқòûң қàíäàé åêåí³í, æåð қàíøàëûқòû òөìåí íåìåñå áè³ê, àøûқ ïà íåìåñå æàáûқ ïà, îë æåðä³ң ñóû қàíäàé åêåí³í..., ñîë æåð æàқñû æåëäåò³ëå ìå íåìåñå øұңқûð æåðäå îðíàëàñқàí áà, îë æåðä³ң æåë³ äåíñàóëûққà æàéëû ìà, íåìåñå ñóûқ ïà, ñîíäàé-àқ, æàíûíäàғû òåң³ç, áàòïàқ, òàó, êåí îðíû қàíäàé åêåí³í á³ëãåí³ æөí....Øûғûñòàí ñîққàí æåë ғèìàðàòòàðғà åíó³ æәíå êүí ñәóëåñ³ îëàðäûң êåç êåëãåí æåð³íå òүñó³ үø³í, òåðåçåëåð³ ìåí åñ³êòåð³ øûғûñқà æәíå ñîëòүñò³êêå áàғûòòàëóû қàæåò».
Èáí-Ñèíà æåêåëåãåí àóðóëàð ìåí æûë ìåçã³ëäåð³, êëèìàò àðàñûíäà áàéëàíûñ áàð åêåí³í àéðûқøà àòàï êөðñåòåä³. Îë ëàñòàíғàí àóàíûң әñåð³ æөí³íäå ñұðàқòàðäû қàðàñòûðäû, ñó àðқûëû ғàíà åìåñ, ñîíûìåí қàòàð àóà àðқûëû äà áåð³ëåò³í êөçãå êөð³í
Äàòà äîáàâëåíèÿ: 2014-12-11 | Ïðîñìîòðû: 4608 | Íàðóøåíèå àâòîðñêèõ ïðàâ
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