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Joints of vertebrae. Vertebral column, as a whole: structure, curvatures, muscles moving the vertebral column their blood, nerve supply, lymphatic drainage

A curvature posteriorly convex is called kyphosis an anteriorly convex curvature is called lordosis.

The joints of the vertebral column include the joints between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae and joints between the adjacent vertebral arches

Blood: a. Vertabral, a. anterior spinal, a posterior spinal, a.posterior inferior cerebralla, a.anterior inferior cerebrellar - internal vertebral plexus of veins

Vertebral column: Central bony pillar of the body, Support the skull, pectoral girdle, upper limbs and the thoracic cage. Within its cavity lie the spinal cord, the roots of the spinal nerves, the covering – meninges. Composed of 33 vertebrae: 7cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 4 coccygeal. It is flexible structure made up fibrocartilage called intervertebral disc

Bones of the shoulder girdle. Junctions of the clavicle with scapula, sternum: structure,shape function. The structure of bones forming the joint. Muscle, moving these joints, their arterial and nerve supply, lymphatic drainage.

Bones: Humerum acromion, coracoids,

Nerves: Brachial, axillary nerves

Blood supply: axillary artery, thoraco-acromial. Basilic vein

MUSCLES Raising of the clavicle and scapula: superior slips of m. trapezius, m. levator IRapu-
lae, partly m. rhomboideus. Lowering of the clavicle and scapula occurs maimly under the effect of gravitational attraction to wh1ch contractio of the lnferior slips of m. serratus anterior and inferior fiber of m. trapezius, as well as m. pectoralis minor and m. subclavius contribute. Forward movement: m. serratos anterior, m. pectoralis minor, m. pectoralis major (by means of the humerus). Backward movement (of the clavicle and scapula): m rhomboideus, the middle part of m. trapezius and m. Iatissimus dorsi (by means of the humerus). Rotation of the scapula, which usually occurs at the end of the upward movement, is accomplished by the inferior slips of m. serratus antarior (they pull the inferior angle of the scapula Iaterally) and the superior fiberes of m. trapezium (which pull the scapula and medially. The opposite movement is by m. rhomboideus with aid of m. minor

Shoulder joints: structure of bones forming the joint. Shape, function, biomechanics, blood supply of the joint. Muscles, moving the joint, their arterial and nerve supply, lymphatic drainage.

Bones: The shoulder joint (glenohumeral joint) is a ball and socket joint between the scapula and the humerus. It is the major joint connecting the upper limb to the trunk.

MUSCLES Flexion (forward movement): the anterior part of m. deltoideus, the clavicular part

Eztension (backward movement): the posterior part of m. deltoideus, m. Iatimimus

dorm, and m teres major. Since the last two muscles also rotate the arm medially, simul-
taneous contractim of m. infraspinatus and m. teres minor occurs to counteract it.

hbduction: m. deltoideus and m. supraspinatus

Adductim: m. pectoralis major, m. Iatiassimus donri, and m. teres major. M. Infra-
spinatusand-m:teres minor also contract to counteract the simultaneous medial rotation. Meddial rotation: m. subscapularis, m. pectoralis major, m. Ltissimns dorsi, and m. major.

Lateral rotation. m. infraspinatus and m. teres minor.

Nerves: axillary,suprascapular and lateral pectoral nerves

Blood: anterior and posterior circumflex humeral arteries, and the suprascapular artery

The elbow joint: structure of bones forming the joint. Shape, function, biomechanics, blood supply of the joint. Muscles, moving the joint, their arterial and nerve supply, lymphatic drainage.

Muscle:
flexion: m. biceps brachii, m. brachialis, m. brachioradialis, and m. pronator teres.
Extension: m. triceps brachii, and m anconeus.
Pronation: m. pronator teres and m. pronator quadratus.
Supination: m. supinator and m. biceps brachiL M. brachioradialis, which sets the forearm into a position intermediate between pronation end supination, also contributed to this movement.

Bones: the humerus in the upper arm and the radius and ulna

Nerves: musculocutaneous, median,ulnar and radial nerve

Blood: brachial artery, theprofunda brachii artery, ulnar artery; the radial recurrent branch of the radial artery; and the interosseous recurrent branch of thecommon interosseous artery, radial, ulnar, and brachial veins

Lymphatic drainage: epitrochlear nodes, drainage at the elbow is through the deep nodes at the bifurcation of the brachial artery,

Radiocarpal joint: structure of bones forming the joint. Shape, function, biomechanics,, blood supply of the joint. Muscles, moving the joint, their arterial and nerve supply, lymphatic drainage. Joints of the hand: structure, classification, biomechanics.

The radiocarpal joint is the anatomical name for the articulation between the radius bone of the forearm and the carpal bones of the hand, more commonly known as the wrist joint.

Bones of the forearm(ScaphoidLunateTriquetrum), the radius and ulna

Muscles: Flexion is primarily produced by flexor carpi ulnaris and flexor carpi radialis assisted by abductor pollicis longus, palmaris longus and the thumb and finger flexors. The ulnar extensors and the radial extensors aided by the extensors of thumb and fingers produce Extension. The Abductor Pollicis Longus produce abduction. Two radial extensors and the carpi radialis flexor act together to produce abduction when the wrist moves from the midline.

Nerves: anterior and posterior interosseous nerves.ulnar nerve, palmar digital nerves

Blood supply: Ulnar artery, Radial artery

Classification Joints of the hand:

1 radiocarpal or wrist joint

2 pisiform joint (separate pisiform bone with triquetal bone 2 lig pisihamate lig and pisometacarpal lig)

3 flexor retinaculum(b/w eminentia carpi radialis et ulnaris)

4 carpometacarpal(carpal bones and metacarpals)

5metocarpalphalangeal joint(metacarpas and phalanges)

6 interphalangeal joint (head and base of phalanges)

Bones of the hip girdle, their junction. Pelvic as a whole structure, its age, sexual peculiarities. The determination of sizes of the femal pelvic, their clinical importance in obstetrics and gynecology.

Both hip bones unite with each other and with the sacrum to form a bony ring, the pelvis which connects the trunk with the free lowar limbs and at the same time, encloses a cavity containing the viscera.
The bony ring is divided into two parts: a wider upper part, the greater, false pelvis and a narrower lower part, the lerner, true

Function: The pelvic girdle is made up of the paired hip or innominate bone.
The hip bone (os coxae) is a Sat bone concerned with the function of movement
(takes part in articulations with the sacrum and femur), protection (shields
the pelvic organs), and support (transfers the weight of the whole prox-
imal part of the body to the lower limbs).

Hip gircle including the symphysis pubis joint, hip joint, coccyx, sacrum and sacroiliac joint

The size and shape of the pelvis is determined by
measurements on cadavers and on live subjects.

1. The distance between the two superior anterior iliac spines, the
tntcnpinous diameter (distantia spinarum), measureing 25-27 cm.

2. The distance between the two cristae iliaca, the intercristal diameter
(distantia cristarnum), measuring 28-29 cm.

3. The distance b/w the two greater trochanter intertrochanter diameter (distantic trochanterica), measuring 30-32 cm.

After that the external anteroposterior diameter is measured

4. The distance from the symphysis to the depression between the
last lumbar and first sacral vertebrae (20-21 cm). To determine the true
anteroposterior diameter of the pelvis (conjugata vera), 9.5-10 cm are sub-
tracted from the value of the external anteroposterior diameter. The result
will be the obstetric conjugate diameter (conjugata vera s. gynscology),
which is usually 11 cm

Finally, the external oblique diameter is measured.

5. The distance between the anterior and postero-superior spinae of
the iliac bones (Lateral conjugate); it measures 14.5-15 cm

6, To determine the transverse diameter of the pelvic inlet (13.5-
15 cm), the intercristal diameter (29 cm) is divided by 2 or 14-15 cm are
subtracted from its value.

7. To measure the transverse diameter of the pelvic outlet (11 cm),
the compasses are set on the medial borders of the ischial tuberosities, and
1.0-1.5 cm are added to the value obtained (9.5 cm) for the thickness of
the soft tissue.

8. To measure the anteroposterior diameter of the pelvic outlet (9-11 cm),
the compasses are set on the apex of the coccyz and the inferior border of
the symphysis. Prom the value obtained (12.-12.5 cm), we subtract 1.5 cm
to compensate for the thickness of the sacrum and soft tissues.

Sex differences begin to be manifested most sharply with the onset
of puberty. They consist in the following. The bones of the female pelvis
are generally thinner and smoother than those of the male pelvis. The iliac
wings are spread out more widely in females as a result of which the distance
between the spines and crests is greater. The inlet of the pelvis is transversely oval in females and rather longitudhally oval in ma1es. The promontory
projects farther forward in a male pelvis. The male sacrum is relatively
narrow and more concave; the female sacrum, in contrast, is relatively
wider but at the same time flatter

Hip joint: structure of bones forming the joint. Shape, function, biomechanics,, blood supply of the joint. Muscles, moving the joint, their arterial and nerve supply, lymphatic drainage.

Bones: ilium, ischium, and pubis

Blood supply: a.profunda femoris, femoral artery

Obturator artery, lateral et medial circumflex artery

Muscles • Lateral or external rotation quadratus femoris; obturator internus; dorsal fibers of gluteus medius and minimus; iliopsoas (including psoas major from the vertebral column); obturator externus; adductor magnus, longus, brevis, and minimus; piriformis; and sartorius

• Medial or internal rotation anterior fibers of gluteus medius and minimus; tensor fascia latae; the part of adductor magnus inserted into the adductor tubercle; and, with the leg abducted also the pectineus.

• Extension or retroversion gluteus maximus (if put out of action, active standing from a sitting position is not possible, but standing and walking on a flat surface is); dorsal fibers ofgluteus medius and minimus; adductor magnus; and piriformis. Additionally, the following thigh muscles extend the hip: semimembranosus, semitendinosus, and long head of biceps femoris. Maximal extension is inhibited by the iliofemoral ligament.

• Flexion or anteversion the hip flexors: iliopsoas (with psoas major from vertebral column); tensor fascia latae, pectineus, adductor longus, adductor brevis, and gracilis.

• Abduction (50 ° with hip extended, 80 ° with hip flexed): gluteus medius; tensor fascia latae; gluteus maximus with its attachment at the fascia lata; gluteus minimus; piriformis; andobturator internus.

• Adduction (30 ° with hip extended, 20 ° with hip flexed): adductor magnus with adductor minimus; adductor longus, adductor brevis, gluteus maximus with its attachment at the gluteal tuberosity; gracilis (extends to the tibia); pectineus, quadratus femoris; and obturator externus.

Nerves: Femoral, sciatic,obturator

Knee joint: structure of bones forming the joint. Shape, function, biomechanics, blood supply of the joint. Muscles, moving the joint, their arterial and nerve supply, lymphatic drainage.

Bones: (3) lower end of the femur, the upper end of tibia and patella.

Muscles: Extension: m. quadriceps femoris.

Flexion: m. semitendinosus, m. semimembranosuss, m. biceps femoris, m. popliteus,
as wall as m. sartorius, m. gracilis, and m. gastrocnemius (when the leg is held fast bellow).

Medial rotation: m. semitendinosus, m. semimembranous, m. popliteus, m. sarto-
rius, m. gracilis, and the medial head of m. gastrocnemius.

Lateral rotation: m. biceps femoris and the lateral head of m. gastrocnemius,

Nerves: The nerves around the knee are motor (move muscles) and sensory (allow you to feel what is happening). The obturator nerve (L2,3,4) supplies the adductor muscles on the inner side of the thigh

The femoral nerve (L2,3,4) supplies the main muscles at the front of the thigh The sciatic nerve splits into the tibial and common peroneal nerves above the knee. The tibial nerve supplies gastrocnemius and soleus

36.Femur is the largest and thickest bones from all of the long bones. Consist from:

-caput femoris(fovea captits femoris)

-collum femoris

-trochanter major(on the middle surface reverse to the neck located fossa trochanterica)

-trohanter minor

On the distal ending of femur located- Condylus medialis, Condylus lateralis.

The body of femur have linea aspera(which consist of labium laterale and labium mediale)

Tibia

Proximal end (epiphysis) consist of condylus lateralis and condylus medialis. Articularis facies of condylus are divided among themselves by eminentia intercondylaris (which have tuberculum intercondylare mediale and laterale).

On anterior surface of tibia located tuberositas tibiae.

3 faces: margo anterior, margo medialis, margo interossea.

Fibula is thin and long bone with thickened ends. Consist from:

-caput fibulae(facies articularis capitis fibulae)

-apex capitis fibulae

Lower distal epiphysis of tibia thickening forms of malleolus lateralis.

Patella it is sigmoid bone.

-basis patellae

-apex patellae

Art.coxae formed by the pelvic bone hemispherical acetabulum, more precisely, its facies lunata, in which enter head of femur.

-Lig.iliofemorale located on anterior side of art. Inhibits extension and prevents the body fall back when bipedalism.

-Lig. pubeofemorale located on the middle-low side of art. It delays the abduction and outward rotation slows.

-Lig. ischiofemorale beginning behind of art. It delays the hip rotation inside and together whith ligamentum iliofemorale inhibits reduction.

Art.genus formed by the participation of the distal femur, proximal tibia and patella.

Have:

-meniscus lateralis and medialis

-lig. transversum genus

-bursa suprapatellaris

-lig.collaterale tibiale

-lif.collaterale fibulare

-lig. popliteum arcuatum

-lig. popliteum obliguum

-lig. patellae

-lig.cruciatum genum(anterius and posterius)

In the knee joint may be flexion, extension, rotation.

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