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Parasympathetic part of vegetative nerves system: cranial and sacral portions

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The parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS) is one of three main divisions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), the other two being the sympathetic and enteric systems.

Cranial portions: The oculomotor nerve is responsible for several parasympathetic functions related to the eye; The parasympathetic aspect of the facial nerve (CN VII) controls secretion of the sublingual and submandibular salivary glands, the lacrimal gland, and the glands associated with the nasal cavity; The glossopharyngeal nerve, CN IX, has parasympathetic fibers that innervate the parotid salivary gland; The vagus nerve is an unusual cranial PSN in that it doesn't join the trigeminal nerve in order to get to its target tissues. Another peculiarity is that the vagus has an autonomic ganglion associated with it at approximately the level of C1 vertebra.

Sacral portions: The pelvic splanchnic nerves, S2-4, work in tandem to innervate the pelvic viscera. Unlike in the cranium, where one PSN was in charge of one particular tissue or region, for the most part the pelvic splanchnics each contribute fibers to pelvic viscera by first traveling to one or more plexuses before being dispersed to the target tissue. These plexuses are composed of mixed autonomic nerve fibers (PSN and SN) and include the vesical, prostatic, rectal, uterovaginal, and inferior hypogastric plexus.

 

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