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The Rhinencephalon (smell brain), its peripheral and central portions. 1st pair of cranial nerves.The limbic system, its functional importance

In animal anatomy, the rhinencephalon is a part of the brain involved with olfaction.One definition includes the olfactory bulb, olfactory tract, anterior olfactory nucleus, anterior perforated substance, medial olfactory stria, lateral olfactory stria, parts of the amygdala and prepyriform area.

It divides into central and peripheral parts. The central part includes the hippocampus, gyrusfornicatus (gyruscinguli + gyrushyppocampi), gyrusdentatus, septum pellucidum and uncus. The peripheral part includes the olfactory bulb, olfactory tract, olfactory trigone and anterior perforated substance. Cortical smell analyzer located in the uncus.

Olfactory (purely sensory): origin - telencephalon; nuclei - anterior olfactory nucleus; function - transmits the sense of smell from the nasal cavity. Located in the olfactory foramina in the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone.

The Limbic System is the area of the brain that regulates emotion and memory. It directly connects the lower and higher brain functions. It influences emotions, the visceral responses to those emotions, motivation, mood, and sensations of pain and pleasure. The Limbic System is comprised of the following parts.

67. Meninges of the brain. Venous sinuses of the dura matter. Epidural, subdural & subarachnoid spaces.Cerebro-spinal fluid.Production & circulation of CSF.

The meninges consist of three layers of connective tissue which enclose the brain.

The dura mater is the outermost layer. It is immediately adjacent to the calvarium and is made up of thick fibrous connective tissue.

The arachnoid mater has two components: a continuous membrane adherent to the inner surface of the dura and trabeculae which bridge through the subarachnoid space to attach to the pia mater. The arachnoid membrane runs over the surface of the brain but does not enter the sulci. The arachnoid mater is grossly apparent on the surface of the brain.

The subarachnoid space contains blood vessels and the fibrous trabeculae of the arachnoid. The cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) runs within this space. The CSF is reabsorbed through arachnoid granulations (or villi) into the saggitalsinus,which lies within the dura.

The dural venous sinuses (also called dural sinuses, cerebral sinuses, or cranial sinuses) are venous channels found between layers of dura mater in the brain. They receive blood from internal and external veins of the brain, receive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the subarachnoid space, and ultimately empty into the internal jugular vein.

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear colorless bodily fluid found in the brain and spine. It is produced in the choroid plexus of the brain. It acts as a cushion or buffer for the cortex, providing a basic mechanical and immunological protection to the brain inside the skull, and it serves a vital function in cerebral autoregulation of cerebral blood flow. The CSF occupies the subarachnoid space (the space between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater) and the ventricular system around and inside the brain and spinal cord. It constitutes the content of the ventricles, cisterns, and sulci of the brain, as well as the central canal of the spinal cord.

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