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U.S. Army

The squad is the smallest element in the US Army organizational structure. Its size (eight to 16 soldiers) is dependent on its function. It is typically led by a sergeant. In a light infantry squad, there are normally nine soldiers and a squad leader. In a mechanized infantry squad, there are up to 16 soldiers, organized into two fire teams. Each team is assigned to a tactical vehicle (e.g., Bradley Fighting Vehicle). In an armor (tank/cavalry) unit the term “ section ” is used in lieu of squad. A section consists of two vehicles (e.g., M1A2 Abrams). Each tank has a crew consisting of four personnel.

The platoon (16-44 soldiers) is the basic combat unit capable of maneuvering in the conduct of combat operations and is led by a lieutenant who is assisted by a platoon sergeant. A platoon consists of two to four squads/sections depending on the type of unit. For example, an infantry platoon consists of three squads. A mechanized infantry platoon consists of four fighting vehicles (Bradley fighting vehicle), divided into two sections. Each vehicle holds 8-9 soldiers. A tank platoon consists of four tanks organized into two sections of two tanks each.

The company (60 to 200 soldiers) is a cohesive tactical sized unit that can perform a battlefield function on its own. It is capable of receiving and controlling additional combat, combat support (CS) or combat service support (CSS) elements to enhance its mission capability. The company has a small headquarters element to assist the commander. Typically, three to five platoons form a lettered company, with between 15-25 vehicles. For example, a tank company is composed of five officers, 57 soldiers, 14 M1A2/A3 main battle tanks and several wheeled vehicles. The company is normally commanded by a captain. Depending on the type of unit, a company may be called a troop or battery. Ground or air cavalry units (armor and aviation units specially trained for reconnaissance missions) refer to these elements as troops. Field artillery and air defense artillery units refer to these elements as batteries.

The battalion is a unit that is both tactically and administratively self-sufficient. It has from 300 to 1,000 soldiers. In warfighting, battalions are capable of independent operations of limited duration and scope. The battalion is typically composed of four to six companies, and is commanded by a lieutenant colonel. The commander has a battalion staff of officers and non-commissioned officers to oversee missions, training, administration and logistics. A battalion task force is a battalion-size unit with additional companies attached in direct support to enhance mission capability. An armored or air cavalry unit of equivalent size is referred to as a squadron.

A brigade is a significantly large unit (1,500 to 3,200 soldiers) that can be employed on independent or semi-independent operations. The brigade is normally commanded by a colonel although in some cases a brigadier general may assume command. During combat operations, infantry, armor and cavalry brigades normally have a field artillery battalion, engineer battalion and CSS battalion in direct support. Brigades also exist in CS and CSS branches (e.g., engineer brigade, signal brigade). Armored cavalry units of this size are referred to as regiments (e.g., 3rd Armored Cavalry Regiment). Ranger and Special Forces units this size are referred to as groups.

The Division (10,000 to 16,000 soldiers) performs major tactical operations and can conduct sustained battles and engagements. Divisions are numbered (e.g., 1st Armored Division, 82nd Airborne Division) and are categorized by one of five types: light infantry, mechanized infantry, armor, airborne or air assault. The division is commanded by a major general who is assisted by two principal brigadier generals who perform duties as Assistant Division Commanders – one for Maneuver and one for Support. Divisions are comprised of three tactical maneuver brigades (infantry and/or armor) and a division base of CS and CSS elements. There are currently ten divisions in the Active Army and eight divisions in the Army Reserve/National Guard. In October 1999, The Army established two integrated divisions (the 7th Infantry Division and 24th Infantry Division) consisting of an Active Component Headquarters commanded by an Active Component Major General, and three Army National Guard Enhanced Separate Brigades.

The Corps is the deployable level of command required to synchronize and sustain combat operations. It has from 20,000 to 40,000 soldiers and provides the framework for multinational operations. The Corps provides command, control and logistical support of two to five divisions. There are currently four Corps in the Active Army ­ three with Headquarters in the CONUS (I, III, and XVIII Corps) and one in Germany (V Corps).

All organizations larger than a Corps are generically termed “Army”. An Army has three levels, all dependent upon the size and scope of the conflict. These levels are a “ Theater Army ”, a “ Field Army ”, and an “ Army Group ”. There are currently three standing Armies ­ the First, Third and Fifth U.S. Army. A Theater Army is the Army component in a unified command, and it has operational and support responsibilities that are assigned by the Theater Commander. The Theater Commander and Theater Army Commander may order formation of a Field Army to direct operations of assigned Corps and Divisions. An Army Group, composed of two or more Field Armies under a designated commander, is the largest tactical formation used in combat operations. However, formations of this type have not been employed since World War II (e.g., General Schwartzkopf commanded a Field Army during Operation Desert Storm; during Operation Iraqi Freedom, the Corps was the largest Army organization employed).

There are 24 branches of the US Army currently authorized for active service. Combat branches are: Infantry, Air Defense Artillery (ADA), Field Artillery (FA), Armor, Aviation, Special Forces (SF), and Corps of Engineers (CE). CS branches include the Signal Corps, Military Police Corps (MPC), Chemical Corps, and the Military Intelligence (MI) Corps. Finally, the CSS branches are the remaining 13 branches: Adjutant General Corps (AGC), Chaplain Corps (CHC), Finance Corps (FC), Judge Advocate General’s Corps (JAGC), Ordnance Corps (OrdC), Quartermaster Corps(QMC), Transportation Corps (TC), Medical Corps (MC), Dental Corps (DC), Veterinary Corps (VC), Medical Service Corps (MSC), Army Nurse Corps (ANC), Army Medical Specialist Corps (AMSC).

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