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Offensive operations

The offense is the decisive form of battle. The attacker seizes and retains the initiative through offensive actions. Offensive operations are also designed to seize and secure key terrain. The primary purpose of offensive operations is to find and destroy the enemy. This is done by defeating the integrityof his defensive system, and by destroying his command, control and communication (C³) systems. The attack is launched to deceive enemy forces, fix enemy units, or disrupt an enemy's offensive attack. Tactical commanders as well as operational commanders conduct offensive operations simultaneously throughout the depth of battlefield.

When executing offensive operations, the division uses four general forms of offense. These are movement to contact, hasty attack, deliberate attack, exploitation, and pursuit. Offensive operations are fluid. They require swift transition from one form of maneuver to another.

However, a movement to contact may terminate in a deep attack, a hasty defense or even a retrograde. When the units encounter resistance, the commander commits the combat power necessary to maintain the momentum of the advance. Fragmentary or oral orders are normally used once the movement to contact begins.

Other types of attacks include counterattacks, spoiling attacks, raids, feints, and demonstrations.Friendly forces counterattack to defeat an enemy after it has launched his attack. Spoiling attack isa tactical maneuver employed to seriously impair a hostile attack while the enemy is in the process of forming or assembling for an attack.

The raid is normally conducted by smaller combat elements in the division. Commanders destroy key enemy installations and facilities, capture or free prisoners, or disrupt enemy command and control posts.

Exploitationusually follows successful attacks. Their ultimate goal is to disrupt anexpected enemy attack. Exploiting forces can secure objectives deep in the enemy rear, cut lines of communication, and deny escape routes to an encircling force.

Thepursuit is an offensive operation against a retreating enemy force. It follows a successful attack or exploitation and is ordered when the enemy cannot conduct an organized defense and attempts to disengage. The pursuit consists of encircling forces. The mission of the encircling force is to engage the enemy in deep rearand to deny escape routes. Airborne, air assault, armored, and mechanized units are effective encircling forces.

The basic forms of offensive maneuver used by Army divisions are envelopment, turning movement, penetration, and frontal attack. The infiltration is a form of maneuver seldom used by the division as a whole. The turning movement is normally conducted by corps and larger units.

Envelopments attack an enemy's flanks or secure objectives in his rear that cut his lines of communication. In corps envelopment, the division may be the fixing force. The division commander uses aviation, airborne, air assault, armor, and mechanized units to envelop. A vertical (aerial) envelopment, search and attack operations, raids are also widely used.

The turning movement is directed to secure vital areas deep in the hostilerear that will prevent an enemy's reinforcement. It is used when an opportunity exists to cause the enemy to abandon his prepared defenses. Commanders use penetration when enemy flanks are assailable. The division masses its combat power, normally at a single point, to overwhelm the enemy. Divisions execute a penetration to destroy the integrity of the enemy's defense. The division launches a frontal attack across a wide area within the zone of action.

Infiltrationis the covert movement of the attacking force through enemy lines to an objective in the enemy's rear. The tactical offensive battles are viewed as operations in depth and consist of independent operations. These are deep operations,

close operations. The commander attempts to fight in depth to attack key enemy functional sites such as command posts, logistics sites, and air defenses.

In close operations, the division normally establishes a main attack, and supporting attacks. The main attack is the principal attack into which the commander throws the full weight of his combat power for seizure of the division’s principal objective. Supporting attacks assist the success of the main attack. Supporting attacks can be feints or demonstrations and use camouflage technique. Commanders conduct approach marches when they are relatively certain that enemy locations are some distance from their approaching friendly force.

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