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Lecture No. 5

1. Theme: Genetics of development

2. Purpose: to create at students of knowledge of genetic and cellular mechanisms of an ontogenesis and about a role genetic and teratogens in emergence of congenital developmental anomalies.

3. Theses of lectures:

3.1. Ontogenesis: concept, periodization.

3.2. Cellular and genetic mechanisms of an ontogenesis.

3.3. Differential activity of genes during an ontogenesis.

3.4. Congenital developmental anomalies.

The genetics of development studies mechanisms of implementation of heriditary information during an ontogenesis.

In the fertilized ootids of the person the full heriditary program of the development which reproduction provides individual life cycle of an organism is coded. All cells of the person have an identical genetic material though have a different structure and carry out different functions. About 200 various cellular phenotypes in a human body are known. Different cells differ with an expression of the genes, different cells genes variously join and switched off, which order is set as a result of determination.

Determination is a restriction of possibilities of the various differentiations, defining development of a cell on a specialized way. The choice of the program of development of a cell occurs long before implication of physiological differences. In unfertilized ootids in a cytoplasma item information is already framed. Process of formation of heterogeneity of a cytoplasma of ootids during its development is called as a plasmatic segregation. 3 gradients are as a result formed: vegetative, dorzo-ventral, terminal structures (head and caudal departments). The plasmatic segregation is a basis for the subsequent differential expression of regulatory genes.

For an ontogenesis of almost all animals, including the person, process of separation of a germ on segments is characteristic. This process is called as segmentation, it is supervised by 2 groups of genes:

1) genes of a segregation define number of future segments;

2) geneshomeoses supervise the direction of development of each segment, they have the general nucleotide sequences – homeobox.

Disturbances of normal ontogenetic development lead to emergence of the congenital developmental anomalies playing an essential role in a mortality of children.

4. Illustrative material: multimedia lecture No. 5.

5. Literature:

The main:

5.1. Bochkov N. P. Clinical genetics.M, 2006.

5.2. Introduction in molecular medicine. Under the editorship of Paltsev M. A. M, 2004.

5.3. Zhimulev I.F. General and molecular genetics.Novosibirsk, 2006.

5.4. Genetics. Under the editorship of Ivanov V. I. M, 2006.

5.5. Korochkin L.I. Introduction in development genetics. M, 1999.

The additional:

5.1. Ayala F., KaygerDzh. Modern genetics. M, 1988.

5.2. Alikhanyan S. I., Akifyev A.P., Chernin L.S. General genetics. M, 1985.

5.3. To Inga-Vechtomov S.G. Genetics with selection bases. M, 1989.

5.4. Nurtazin S. T., Vsevolodov E.B. Ontogeny biology. And., 2005.

6. Control questions (feedback):

6.1. Call ontogenesis stages.

6.2. Cellular mechanisms of an ontogenesis.

6.3. Genetic mechanisms of an ontogenesis.

6.4. Teratogenic termination periods, their value.

6.5. Value of congenital developmental anomalies.

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