НЕДОСТАТКИ НВЛ
Осложнения при проведении НВЛ встречаются намного реже, чем при традиционной ИВЛ и, как правило, не требуют прекращения респираторной поддержки. Наиболее частыми осложнениями НВЛ являются некрозы кожи лица, конъюнктивиты, раздражение носа, транзиторная гипоксемия, общий дискомфорт, аэрофагия, утечка (рис. 17-14).
path: pictures/1714.png
Рис. 17-14. Частота осложнений при НВЛ (минимальная и максимальная) [Mehta, Hill, 2001].
Эрозии и некрозы кожи образуются чаще всего в месте наибольшего давления маски на кожу лица (обычно мостик носа). Данное осложнение встречается в 6 - 18% случаев, обычно эти повреждения быстро заживают (2 - 7 дней).
Транзиторная гипоксемия обычно появляется лишь во время перерыва между сеансами НВЛ, когда пациент снимает маску. Данная проблема особенно актуальна для больных с гипоксемической ОДН. Использование постоянного мониторинга при помощи пульсоксиметрии позволяет вовремя возобновить НВЛ и быстро устранить гипоксемию.
Недостатками НВЛ являются необходимость кооперации с пациентом и его высокой мотивации. По данным метаанализа, проведенного Muir и соавт., процедура НВЛ при ОДН была прекращена из-за непереносимости пациентом присутствия маски в 37 из 747 случаев (5%). НВЛ практически не используется у больных с выраженными нарушениями сознания (сумма баллов по шкале Глазго <9), так как эти больные нуждаются в защите дыхательных путей и требуют частых санационных мероприятий. Однако нарушения сознания в некоторых ситуациях (гиперкапническая кома, послеоперационное состояние) не являются абсолютными противопоказаниями к неинвазивной респираторной поддержке, так легко могут разрешаться и при НВЛ.
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